Alcohol Determination in Protein Fractionation Intermediates by Steam Distillation and Digital Refractometry

Background: Neuropathic pain is one of the contributors to the global burdens of illness. At present many patients do not achieve satisfactory pain relief even with synthetic pain-killers. Taking this into consideration, it is necessary to search for natural product-derived alternative treatment with confirmed safety and efficacy. Ageratum conyzoides L is a plant often used as analgesic in Indonesia, however, anti-neuropathic pain activity of this plant is still unknown. Objective: To determine the anti-neuropathic pain activity of the essential oil and non-essential oil component (distillation residue) of A. conyzoides L. Methods: We conducted separation of the essential oil component from other secondary metabolites through steam distillation. Both components were tested for anti-neuropathic pain activity using chronic constriction injury animal models with thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia tests. The animals were divided into 7 test groups namely normal, sham, negative, positive (pregabalin at 0.195 mg/20 g BW of mice), essential oil component (100 mg/kg BW), and non-essential oil component (100 mg/kg BW). Naloxone was tested against the most potent anti-neuropathic pain component (essential oil or nonessential oil) to investigate the involvement of opioid receptor. Results: The GC-MS of the essential oil component indicated the presence of 60 compounds. Meanwhile, non-essential oil components contained alkaloid, flavonoid, polyphenol, quinone, steroid, and triterpenoid. This non-essential oil component contained a total flavonoid equivalent to 248.89 ppm quercetin. The anti-neuropathic pain activity test showed significantly higher activity of the essential oil component compared to the non-essential oil component and negative groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the essential oil component showed equal activity to pregabalin (p>0.05). However, this activity was abolished by naloxone, indicating the involvement of opioid receptor in the action of the essential oil component. Conclusion: The essential oil component of A. conyzoides L is a potential novel substance for use as anti-neuropathic pain.

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Theory of the equilibrium in a microapparatus for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19852115 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 2115-2121 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Václav Janda ◽

Bohuslav Doležal

Keyword(s):

Phase Equilibrium ◽

Organic Solvent ◽

Water Sample ◽

Organic Substance ◽

Concentration Factor ◽

Chromatographic Analysis ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Azeotropic Mixtures ◽

Steam Distillation Extraction

The phase equilibrium establishing in a microapparatus designed for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction is treated. This technique, used for the preconcentration of water pollutants followed by the gas chromatographic analysis of the extract, is suitable for organic substances with boiling temperatures higher than that of water which form azeotropic mixtures with water, the boiling temperatures of which are lower than those of water and the organic substances themselves. The organic solvent used for the extraction must have a very low boiling temperature. The recovery from the whole procedure and the concentration factor depend on the volumes of the water sample and the organic solvent as well as on the volume of the space where the extraction of the organic substance from the aqueous condensate takes place.

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Comparison of Procedures for Isolation of Monoterpene Hydrocarbons from Fresh Needles of Picea abies and Picea omorica

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc20001073 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 65 (7) ◽

pp. 1073-1081 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Valerie Holubová ◽

Iva Chvílíčková ◽

Vlastimil Kubáň

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Liquid Nitrogen ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Total Content ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Hexane Extraction ◽

Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

And Storage

Extraction procedures (steam distillation, supercritical fluid extraction and solvent extraction) for isolation of monoterpene hydrocarbons from fresh needles of Picea abies and Picea omorica were optimised. The procedures were compared with the aim of minimizing consumption of needles and improving the extraction efficiency and repeatability. An influence of homogenisation procedures and storage conditions (liquid nitrogen, -18 and 4 °C) on the total content and composition of essential oils was studied. Cryogenic grinding (liquid nitrogen) combined with the extraction with cold hexane (extraction time 2 h) and subsequent GC-MS determination in freshly homogenised needles gives the best results (1.5-4 times better extraction efficiency, RSD < 10% for P. abies and < 25% for P. omorica). Limits of detections (3 S/N) for individual monoterpene hydrocarbons from units to tens of ng/g and recoveries 97.2-101.4% were found in fresh needles (calculated to fresh weight). While cooling to 4 °C is unacceptable, freezing at -18 °C for the period of 18 days in the dark gives also good results.

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Adaptation of the AOAC Fluorine Method for Determining Fluoride in Fish Protein Concentrate

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/53.1.3 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 3-6

Author(s):

R. Bruce Klemm ◽

Mary E. Ambrose Klemm

Keyword(s):

Steam Distillation ◽

Silica Sand ◽

Official Method ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Fish Protein ◽

Direct Titration ◽

Modified Method ◽

Aoac Official ◽

Aoac Official Method

Abstract The AOAC official method, 24.029–24.035, for the determination of fluorine in foods was modified slightly to o btain quantitative recoveries of fluorine from samples of fish protein concentrate (FPC). The most important alterations include the use of steam distillation, the addition of finely ground silica sand in the distillation, a decrease in the distillation temperature, and the utilization of direct titration. Recoveries of fluoride added to FPC before ashing, using this modified method, averaged 96.0 ± 3.0%. Our results are in agreement with those of several other analysts who used a variety of methods.

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Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114855 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 275 ◽

pp. 114855

Author(s):

Hojjat Gholizadeh ◽

Abbas A. Naserian ◽

Mojtaba Yari ◽

Arjan Jonker ◽

Peiqiang Yu

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Protein Fractionation ◽

Ruminal Degradability

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Comparative Assessment of Tubular Ceramic, Spiral Wound, and Hollow Fiber Membrane Microfiltration Module Systems for Milk Protein Fractionation

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040692 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 692

Author(s):

Roland Schopf ◽

Florian Schmidt ◽

Johanna Linner ◽

Ulrich Kulozik

Keyword(s):

Hollow Fiber ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽

Comparative Assessment ◽

Transmission Factor ◽

Transmembrane Pressure ◽

Protein Fractionation ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Local Pressure ◽

Spiral Wound

The fractionation efficiency of hollow fiber membranes (HFM) for milk protein fractionation was compared to ceramic tubular membranes (CTM) and spiral wound membranes (SWM). HFM combine the features of high membrane packing density of SWM and the more defined flow conditions and better control of membrane fouling in the open flow channel cross-sections of CTM. The aim was to comparatively analyze the effect of variations in local pressure and flow conditions while using single industrially sized standard modules with similar dimensions and module footprints (module diameter and length). The comparative assessment with varied transmembrane pressure was first applied for a constant feed volume flow rate of 20 m3 h−1 and, secondly, with the same axial pressure drop along the modules of 1.3 bar m−1, similar to commonly applied crossflow velocity and wall shear stress conditions at the industrial level. Flux, transmission factor of proteins (whey proteins and serum caseins), and specific protein mass flow per area membrane and per volume of module installed were determined as the evaluation criteria. The casein-to-whey protein ratios were calculated as a measure for protein fractionation effect. Results obtained show that HFM, which so far are under-represented as standard module types in industrial dairy applications, appear to be a competitive alternative to SWM and CTM for milk protein fractionation.

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Healthy hydrosol production from styrax resin harvesting waste using steam distillation

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/782/4/042031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 782 (4) ◽

pp. 042031

Author(s):

A Aswandi ◽

C R Kholibrina

Keyword(s):

Steam Distillation

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Delignification of Cistus ladanifer Biomass by Organosolv and Alkali Processes

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1127

Author(s):

Júnia Alves-Ferreira ◽

Ana Lourenço ◽

Francisca Morgado ◽

Luís C. Duarte ◽

Luísa B. Roseiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steam Distillation ◽

Enzymatic Saccharification ◽

Added Value ◽

Cistus Ladanifer ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Zone Electrophoresis ◽

Monomeric Composition ◽

Capillary Zone ◽

Soluble Lignin ◽

Pretreated Biomass

Residues of Cistus ladanifer obtained after commercial steam distillation for essential oil production were evaluated to produce cellulose enriched solids and added-value lignin-derived compounds. The delignification of extracted (CLRext) and extracted and hydrothermally pretreated biomass (CLRtreat) was studied using two organosolv processes, ethanol/water mixtures (EO), and alkali-catalyzed glycerol (AGO), and by an alkali (sodium hydroxide) process (ASP) under different reaction conditions. The phenolic composition of soluble lignin was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis and by Py-GC/MS, which was also used to establish the monomeric composition of both the delignified solids and isolated lignin. The enzymatic saccharification of the delignified solids was also evaluated. The ASP (4% NaOH, 2 h) lead to both the highest delignification and enzymatic saccharification (87% and 79%, respectively). A delignification of 76% and enzymatic hydrolysis yields of 72% were obtained for AGO (4% NaOH) while EO processes led to lower delignification (maximum lignin removal 29%). The residual lignin in the delignified solids were enriched in G- and H-units, with S-units being preferentially removed. The main phenolics present in the ASP and AGO liquors were vanillic acid and epicatechin, while gallic acid was the main phenolic in the EO liquors. The results showed that C. ladanifer residues can be a biomass source for the production of lignin-derivatives and glucan-rich solids to be further used in bioconversion processes.

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