scholarly journals Emerging advances of in vivo detection of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1101) ◽  
pp. 20180925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian D. Dallmeier ◽  
Somayeh Meysami ◽  
David A. Merrill ◽  
Cyrus A. Raji
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Neurofibrillary Tangle ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is of epidemic proportions in contact sports athletes and is linked to subconcussive and concussive repetitive head impacts (RHI). Although postmortem analysis is currently the only confirmatory method to diagnose CTE, there has been progress in early detection techniques of fluid biomarkers as well as in advanced neuroimaging techniques. Specifically, promising new methods of diffusion MRI and radionucleotide PET scans could aid in the early detection of CTE. The authors examine early detection methods focusing on various neuroimaging techniques. Advances in structural and diffusion MRI have demonstrated the ability to measure volumetric and white matter abnormalities associated with CTE. Recent studies using radionucleotides such as flortaucipir and 18F-FDDNP have shown binding patterns that are consistent with the four stages of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) distribution postmortem. Additional research undertakings focusing on fMRI, MR spectroscopy, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and singlephoton emission CT are also discussed as are advanced MRI methods such as diffusiontensor imaging and arterial spin labeled. Neuroimaging is fast becoming a key instrument in early detection and could prove essential for CTE quantification. This review explores a global approach to in vivo early detection. Limited data of in vivo CTE biomarkers with postmortem confirmation are available. While some data exist, they are limited by selection bias. It is unlikely that a single test will be sufficient to properly diagnosis and distinguish CTE from other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or Frontotemporal Dementia. However, with a combination of fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, and genetic testing, early detection may become possible.

A Pathophysiological and Pharmacological review on Alzheimer’s disease: A Current Need

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
D. Sheela ◽  
R. Rohan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neurofibrillary Tangle ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Fluid Levels

Developing countries including India faces major setback in medicine and public health due to the neurodegenerative disorders. Among various neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsonism, Hunting ton's disorder, Amyotrophic lateral syndrome, Alzheimer's is a usual subtype of dementia which has affected about 25 million people globally in 2000 and this statisticis believed to increase to 114 million in 2050. Aging has been found as one of the factors associated with Alzheimer's disease. Their association was confirmed with an increase in the incidence of this disease. A measure of the main constituent of plaque, cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ, and constituent of a neurofibrillary tangle, tau protein are the in-vivo biological markers of Alzheimer's disease patients. From ancient times various herbal plants were used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s. The Pharmacological drugs used were Anticholinesterase, Muscarinic receptor agonist, Glutamate receptor antagonist. The newer monoclonal antibodies were introduced for the treatment but the success rate was merge. Resveratrol, an activator of silent information regulator type1(SIRT1) was the latest drug in treating this neurodegenerative disorder. The multifactorial aetiologies leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's made the treatment more complex. At present, the introduction of novel therapy mainly targeting on the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes gave a newer insight on Alzheimer's. The determination of biomarkers and newer detection techniques can help in the future for early detection in elderly patients and better pharmacotherapy in this complicated disease.

scholarly journals Methods for Early Detection of Microbiological Infestation of Buildings Based on Gas Sensor Technologies

Chemosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Garbacz ◽  
Agnieszka Malec ◽  
Sylwia Duda-Saternus ◽  
Zbigniew Suchorab ◽  
Łukasz Guz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Sick Building Syndrome ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Gas Sensor Arrays

In this review, the problem of microbiological infestation of buildings was discussed. The techniques of detection were described as well, with special attention drawn to the rapid-early detection methods based on gas sensor arrays. The physical and chemical conditions of the building environment conducive to the development of microorganisms and the technical conditions influencing the problem of microbiological infestation were investigated. Additionally, the harmful effects on human health caused by the microbiological contamination were discussed, with a short review of particular groups of microorganisms causing sick building syndrome. Among the detection techniques, the traditional microbiological techniques as well as the molecular and chemical methods were presented. Different designs of the gas sensor arrays together with the various techniques of analyzing the received multidimensional signal were described, analyzed, and compared in detail.

scholarly journals A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza ◽  
Praveen Kumar ◽  
Paul Xing ◽  
Jessy Mathault ◽  
Paul De Koninck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.

scholarly journals Rod-like amphiphilic AIE-active NIR probe enables super-early precise in-vivo detection of Aβ fibrils/plaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yipu Wang ◽  
Dong Mei ◽  
Xinyi Zhang ◽  
Da-Hui Qu ◽  
Ju Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Quenching Effect ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Aβ Fibrils

Abstract Precise and early detection of Aβ fibrils/plaques is pivotal to the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a serious disease threatening human health. Optical imaging stands out to be a promising technique for such task. However, restricted by poor blood-brain barrier penetrability, short-wavelength excitation and emission, and aggregation-caused quenching effect, the clinically used gold-standard probes are usually powerless in early in-vivo diagnosis of AD. To address these issues, we put forward an “all-in-one” design principle and develop a simple rod-like amphiphilic NIR AIE probe to demonstrate its feasibility. In-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo experiments with different strains of mice indicates that AIE-CNPy-AD holds the universality to Aβ fibrils/plaques identification. Noteworthily, AIE-CNPy-AD is even able to precisely trace the small and sparsely-distributed Aβ fibrils/plaques in AD model mice as young as 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice, the youngest having Aβ deposits, suggesting the probe might be an ideal alternative for early AD diagnosis.

In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: A new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1278-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Zecca ◽  
Daniela Berg ◽  
Thomas Arzberger ◽  
Petra Ruprecht ◽  
Wolf D. Rausch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Transcranial Sonography ◽  
New Approach ◽  
In Vivo Detection

Real-time in vivo detection techniques for neurotransmitters: a review

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (19) ◽  
pp. 6193-6210
Author(s):  
Yi Su ◽  
Sumin Bian ◽  
Mohamad Sawan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Chemical Signal ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Signal Exchange

Functional synapses in the central nervous system depend on a chemical signal exchange process that involves neurotransmitter delivery between neurons and receptor cells in the neuro system.

scholarly journals Prediction-based highly sensitive CRISPR off-target validation using target-specific DNA enrichment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Hun Kang ◽  
Wi-jae Lee ◽  
Ju-Hyun An ◽  
Jong-Hee Lee ◽  
Young-Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Amplification Method ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractCRISPR effectors, which comprise a CRISPR-Cas protein and a guide (g)RNA derived from the bacterial immune system, are widely used to induce double-strand breaks in target DNA and activate the in-vivo DNA repair system for target-specific genome editing. When the gRNA recognizes genomic loci with sequences that are similar to the target, deleterious and often carcinogenic mutations can occur. Off-target mutations with a frequency below 0.5% remain mostly undetected by current genome-wide off-target detection techniques. In this study, we developed a method to effectively detect extremely small amounts of mutated DNA based on predicted off-target-specific amplification. We used various genome editors, including CRISPR-Cpf1, Cas9, and an adenine base editor, to induce intracellular genome mutations. The CRISPR amplification method detected off-target mutations at a significantly higher rate (1.6∼984 fold increase) than did an existing targeted amplicon sequencing method. In the near future, CRISPR amplification in combination with genome-wide off-target detection methods will allow to detect genome editor-induced off-target mutations with high sensitivity and in a non-biased manner.

scholarly journals In vivo detection of microscopic anisotropy using quadruple pulsed-field gradient (qPFG) diffusion MRI on a clinical scanner

NeuroImage ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru V. Avram ◽  
Evren Özarslan ◽  
Joelle E. Sarlls ◽  
Peter J. Basser
Keyword(s):  
Field Gradient ◽  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Clinical Scanner
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