Peak-avoidance Experiment

Using incentives as traffic management tool: empirical results of the "peak avoidance" experiment

Transportation Letters ◽

10.3328/tl.2010.02.01.39-51 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 39-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Dick Ettema ◽

Jasper Knockaert ◽

Erik Verhoef

Keyword(s):

Traffic Management ◽

Management Tool ◽

Avoidance Experiment ◽

Empirical Results

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Train Commuters' Scheduling Preferences: Evidence from a Large-Scale Peak Avoidance Experiment

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2627551 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Stefanie Peer ◽

Jasper Knockaert ◽

Erik T. Verhoef

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Avoidance Experiment

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On Probability Models and Avoidance Learning

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1984.55.2.387 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 387-400

Author(s):

M. M. Cotton ◽

W. P. Wood

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Mathematical Model ◽

Stochastic Process ◽

Markov Chains ◽

Avoidance Learning ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Shuttlebox Avoidance ◽

Avoidance Experiment ◽

Probability Models ◽

Behavior Of Rats

In the early 1970s Gibbon fitted empirical data from a number of avoidance experiments to a mathematical model based on the formalism of semi-Markov chains. Cotton and Wood in 1982 demonstrated the possibility that a single stochastic process underlies the timing behavior of rats in an unsignalled shuttlebox-avoidance learning experiment, providing quantitative support for Gibbon's hypothesis. This paper presents a further analysis in terms of semi-Markov chains of experimental data from an avoidance experiment with a variable, limited effective avoidance interval. The agreement between experiment and theory further supports that unsignalled avoidance experiments are convincingly modelled by semi-Markov chains.

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Testing the Tau Hypothesis against Alternative Information Sources used for Collision Avoidance

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129804202201 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (22) ◽

pp. 1535-1539 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Terry Stanard ◽

Matthew R. H. Smith

Keyword(s):

Collision Avoidance ◽

Visual Information ◽

Information Sources ◽

Expansion Rate ◽

Avoidance Experiment ◽

Distance Information ◽

Visual Variable ◽

Rate Information ◽

Relevant Group ◽

Constant Distance

Research on the visual information used in collision avoidance has inappropriately attributed adequate task performance to the use of the visual variable tau (τ). We constructed a collision avoidance experiment where the τ hypothesis was tested against the use of other potential information sources, including expansion rate. Subjects viewed a head-on flight towards one or two barriers. During the first half of trials, a single barrier was present and subjects were instructed to approach it as closely as possible before ascending over it. During the second half of the trials, a second barrier was placed above the first and subjects flew through the resulting gap. The ascent dynamics were manipulated between subjects, such that a time-to-contact margin demarcated the collision boundary with one group, but a constant distance-to-contact margin with another group. Subjects in the time-relevant group responded in a manner more consistent with the use of expansion rate information, but neither a single critical expansion rate or τ strategy adequately explains performance in the two-barrier condition. Subjects in the distance-relevant group responded in a manner consistent with the use of relative distance information.

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