Testing the Tau Hypothesis against Alternative Information Sources used for Collision Avoidance

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 1535-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Stanard ◽  
Matthew R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Avoidance Experiment ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Visual Variable ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Constant Distance

Research on the visual information used in collision avoidance has inappropriately attributed adequate task performance to the use of the visual variable tau (τ). We constructed a collision avoidance experiment where the τ hypothesis was tested against the use of other potential information sources, including expansion rate. Subjects viewed a head-on flight towards one or two barriers. During the first half of trials, a single barrier was present and subjects were instructed to approach it as closely as possible before ascending over it. During the second half of the trials, a second barrier was placed above the first and subjects flew through the resulting gap. The ascent dynamics were manipulated between subjects, such that a time-to-contact margin demarcated the collision boundary with one group, but a constant distance-to-contact margin with another group. Subjects in the time-relevant group responded in a manner more consistent with the use of expansion rate information, but neither a single critical expansion rate or τ strategy adequately explains performance in the two-barrier condition. Subjects in the distance-relevant group responded in a manner consistent with the use of relative distance information.

scholarly journals Audiovisual Bimodal and Interactive Effects for Soundscape Design of the Indoor Environments: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Yoshimi Hasegawa ◽  
Siu-Kit Lau
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Noise Annoyance ◽  
Visual Variable ◽  
Soundscape Studies ◽  
Potential Use

A growing number of soundscape studies involving audiovisual factors have been conducted; however, their bimodal and interactive effects on indoor soundscape evaluations have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. The overarching goal of this systematic review was to develop the framework for designing sustainable indoor soundscapes by focusing on audiovisual factors and relations. A search for individual studies was conducted through three databases and search engines: Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Based on the qualitative reviews of the selected thirty papers, a framework of indoor soundscape evaluation concerning visual and audiovisual indicators was proposed. Overall, the greenery factor was the most important visual variable, followed by the water features and moderating noise annoyance perceived by occupants in given indoor environments. The presence of visual information and sound-source visibility would moderate perceived noise annoyance and influence other audio-related perceptions. Furthermore, sound sources would impact multiple perceptual responses (audio, visual, cognitive, and emotional perceptions) related to the overall soundscape experiences when certain visual factors are interactively involved. The proposed framework highlights the potential use of the bimodality and interactivity of the audiovisual factors for designing indoor sound environments in more effective ways.

Pasture renewal in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions: An overview of farmer practice, experience and attitudes

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Kelly Smith ◽  
R. Brazendale
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
And Performance ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Over Time

Pasture persistence and performance, and associated issues such as black beetle, are of central concern to dairy farmers. The Pasture Renewal Survey 2010 aimed to better understand farmers' confidence in their ability to make informed decisions on their pasture renewal practices, their satisfaction with the success of this decision-making and the performance of their renewed pastures over time. In addition, the survey investigated their attitudes to information sources and what barriers they saw to improving pasture performance on farm. A postal and online survey elicited responses from 776 dairy farmers in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions. The four main findings of the work were: 1. Farmers are more confident of their ability to make appropriate on-farm management decisions for renewed pasture than they are of their ability to choose appropriate cultivars and endophyte. 2. Farmers, while generally satisfied with their own success in renewing pasture, reported decreasing levels of satisfaction with renewed pastures over the 3 successive years following renewal. 3. Farmers do not rate information sources very highly in terms of their usefulness in relation to pasture renewal. 4. Weather-related issues and pest-related issues (particularly black beetle) were the most commonly identified barriers to improving pasture performance. Keywords: farmer confidence, farmer satisfaction, information sources, pasture renewal.

Obstacle Avoidance of Omnidirectional Intelligent Wheelchair Based on Multi-Sensors

2015 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 590-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Zhi Li ◽  
Zhao Liu ◽  
Song Min Jia
Keyword(s):  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Information Fusion ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Wheelchair Users ◽  
Optical Flow Method ◽  
Intelligent Wheelchair ◽  
Handicapped People ◽  
Relevant Community

As the number of handicapped people increases worldwidely, the role of electric wheelchair becomes important to enhance their mobility. In the relevant community, attention is mainly directed to how to solve the problems in motion control for the wheelchair users, and scarce reports have appeared concerning obstacle avoidance of wheelchair. In this paper, we present a new method of obstacle avoidance for omnidirectional intelligent wheelchair bases on multi-sensors information fusion. Distance information acquired from ultrasonic sensors and visual information acquired from monocular camera are combined together, in which optical flow method is employed to distinguish obstacles. Extensive experiments have been conducted in the laboratory. As shown in experimental results that, the developed omnidirectional intelligent wheelchair works correctly and effectively in obstacle avoidance.

scholarly journals Evaluating Information Quality of Revised Patient Education Information on Colonoscopy: It Is New But Is It Improved? (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tyler Bernstein ◽  
James Kong ◽  
Vaelan Sriranjan ◽  
Sofia Reisdorf ◽  
Gayle Restall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Bowel Preparation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Available Information

BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that patients and their families have many questions about colonoscopy that are not fully answered by existing resources. We developed revised forms on colonoscopy bowel preparation and on the procedure itself. OBJECTIVE As the goal of the revised materials is to have improved information relative to currently available information, we were interested in how revised information compared with what is currently available in terms of information quality and patient preference. METHODS Participants were asked to review one at a time the Revised and Current versions of Colonoscopy bowel preparation instructions (study 1) and About Colonoscopy (study 2). The order of administration of the Revised and Current versions was randomly counterbalanced to assess order effects. Respondents rated each form along the following dimensions: amount, clarity, trustworthiness, readability and understandability, how new or familiar the information was, and reassurance. Participants were asked which form they preferred and 4 questions about why they preferred it. Open-ended questions asked participants to describe likes and dislikes of the forms and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS The study 1 and study 2 samples were similar. Overall, in study 1, 62.4% preferred the Revised form, 28.1% preferred the Current form, and 6.7% were not sure. Overall, in study 2, 50.5% preferred the Revised form, 31.1% preferred the Current form, and 18.4% were not sure. Almost 75% of those in study 1 who received the Revised form first, preferred it, compared with less than half of those who received it first in study 2. In study 1, 75% of those without previous colonoscopy experience preferred the Revised form, compared with more than half of those who had previously undergone a colonoscopy. The study 1 logistic regression analysis demonstrated that participants were more likely to prefer the Revised form if they had viewed it first and had no previous experience with colonoscopy. In study 2, none of the variables assessed were associated with a preference for the Revised form. In comparing the 2 forms head-to-head, participants who preferred the Revised form in study 1 rated it as clearer compared with those who preferred the Current form. Finally, many participants who preferred the Revised form indicated in the open-ended questions that they liked it because it had more information than the Current form and that it had good visual information. CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the first to evaluate 2 different patient education resources in a head-to-head comparison using the same participants in a within-subjects design. This approach was useful in comparing revised educational information with current resources. Moving forward, this knowledge translation approach of a head-to-head comparison of 2 different information sources could be taken to develop and refine information sources on other health issues.

Bio-Inspired Real-Time Robot Vision for Collision Avoidance

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Okuno ◽  
◽  
Tetsuya Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Robot Vision ◽  
Vision Sensor ◽  
Hardware System ◽  
Silicon Retina ◽  
Field Programmable

A mixed analog-digital integrated vision sensor was designed to detect an approaching object in real-time. To respond selectively to approaching stimuli, the sensor employed an algorithm inspired by the visual nervous system of a locust, which can avoid collisions robustly by using visual information. An electronic circuit model was designed to mimic the architecture of the locust nervous system. Computer simulations showed that the model provided appropriate responses for collision avoidance. We implemented the model with a compact hardware system consisting of a silicon retina and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits; the system was confirmed to respond selectively to approaching stimuli that constituted a collision threat.

scholarly journals Obstacle Avoidance of Multi-Sensor Intelligent Robot Based on Road Sign Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6777
Author(s):  
Jianwei Zhao ◽  
Jianhua Fang ◽  
Shouzhong Wang ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Chengxiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
Intelligent Robot ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
The Road ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Road Sign ◽  
Control Command

The existing ultrasonic obstacle avoidance robot only uses an ultrasonic sensor in the process of obstacle avoidance, which can only be avoided according to the fixed obstacle avoidance route. Obstacle avoidance cannot follow additional information. At the same time, existing robots rarely involve the obstacle avoidance strategy of avoiding pits. In this study, on the basis of ultrasonic sensor obstacle avoidance, visual information is added so the robot in the process of obstacle avoidance can refer to the direction indicated by road signs to avoid obstacles, at the same time, the study added an infrared ranging sensor, so the robot can avoid potholes. Aiming at this situation, this paper proposes an intelligent obstacle avoidance design of an autonomous mobile robot based on a multi-sensor in a multi-obstruction environment. A CascadeClassifier is used to train positive and negative samples for road signs with similar color and shape. A multi-sensor information fusion is used for path planning and the obstacle avoidance logic of the intelligent robot is designed to realize autonomous obstacle avoidance. The infrared sensor is used to obtain the environmental information of the ground depression on the wheel path, the ultrasonic sensor is used to obtain the distance information of the surrounding obstacles and road signs, and the information of the road signs obtained by the camera is processed by the computer and transmitted to the main controller. The environment information obtained is processed by the microprocessor and the control command is output to the execution unit. The feasibility of the design is verified by analyzing the distance acquired by the ultrasonic sensor, infrared distance measuring sensors, and the model obtained by training the sample of the road sign, as well as by experiments in the complex environment constructed manually.

scholarly journals As variáveis intervenientes no comportamento informacional durante o wayfinding em hospitais: implicações no design de sistemas de informação | Intervening variables in the informational behavior during healthcare wayfinding: implication for information systems design

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Kelli C.A.S. Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Information Seek ◽  
Orientation Process ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Intervening Variables

Na orientação espacial em hospitais os usuários deparam-se com diferentes barreiras na busca por informação que os auxilie a encontrar os locais desejados. Para o design de sistemas de wayfinding a compreensão de tais barreiras pode subsidiar a geração de requisitos projetuais. Como meio de auxiliar essa compreensão, este trabalho propõe verificar quais as variáveis são identificadas pelos usuários de ambientes hospitalares na procura e uso de informação durante o wayfinding. Para tanto, inicialmente foram descritos aspectos sobre o processo de orientação espacial, localizados os artefatos gráfico-informacionais enquanto inputs cognitivos e apresentadas as variáveis intervenientes no comportamento de procura informacional.  Na sequência foi realizada entrevistas com usuários para verificação dos aspectos interferentes na orientação espacial em hospitais. Os resultados apontaram as principais barreiras relativas as fontes de informação verbal e visual, apresentando a potencialidade dos dados obtidos na geração de requisitos para o design de sistemas de wayfinding.*****In spatial orientation in hospitals users are faced with different barriers in the information seek that helps them to find the desired places. For the design of wayfinding systems, the understanding of such barriers can subsidize the generation of design requirements. As a means of assiting this understanding, this paper proposes to verify which variables are identified by users of hospital environments in the search and use of information during the wayfinding. For this, it was initially described aspects of the spatial orientation process, located the graphic-informational artifacts as cognitive inputs and presented the intervening variables in the informational behaviour seek. Following interviews were conducted with users, in hospitals, to verify the interfering aspects in the wayfinding. The results pointed to the main barriers related to the verbal and visual information sources, showing the potential of the data obtained in the generation requirements for wayfinding systems design.

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