Exclusive Contracts, Innovation, and Welfare

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongmin Chen ◽  
David E. M Sappington
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Exclusive Contracts ◽  
Industry Performance ◽  
Exclusive Contract

We extend Philippe Aghion and Patrick Bolton's (1987) classic model to analyze the equilibrium incidence and impact of exclusive contracts in a setting where research and development (R&D) drives industry performance. An exclusive contract between an incumbent supplier and a buyer arises when patent protection and/or the incumbent's R&D ability are sufficiently pronounced. The exclusive contract generally reduces the entrant's R&D, and can reduce the incumbent's R&D. Exclusive contracts reduce welfare if the incumbent's R&D ability is sufficiently limited, but can increase welfare if patent protection and the incumbent's R&D ability are sufficiently pronounced. (JEL D86, L14, O31)

scholarly journals INNOVATIVENESS AND COMPETITIVENESS IN CREATIVE INDUSTRIES: THE CASE OF SMES IN MAROS REGENCY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Narto Irawan Otoluwa ◽  
Ibriati Kartika Alimuddin ◽  
Nur Alamzah ◽  
Mursalim Nohong
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Technological Leadership ◽  
Industry Performance ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of study was to explain the effect of entrepreneurship orientation and innovation in improving the performance and competitiveness of creative industries in Maros Regency. The primary data used in this study were collected by using questionnaires. The data is then processed in the form of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Based on the analysis, it is found that the orientation of entrepreneurship which is reflected by the activities of research and development activities, technological leadership, and innovation will be able to improve the performance and competitiveness of creative industry. Performance as measured by the company's ability to increase sales will be able to create competitiveness. The study also found an insignificant effect between innovation with competitiveness and performance with competitiveness

The Use of Patents Documentation Information in Teaching, Academic Research and Development of Engineering Projects

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeziel Nunes ◽  
Marcia Batalha
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Patent System ◽  
Patent Systems ◽  
Engineering Projects

The present work aims to demonstrate the use of information contained in patent systems for teaching and academic research in mechanical engineering and related fields. The approach proposed herein is focused on academic research and the engineering disciplines to provide a more complete training of students and researchers. In the proposed approach, the Patent System is used in three different ways: As a source of technical information; as a source of inspiration for designing solutions; and for patent protection of academic research and their eventual commercialization. The patent system also enables teachers to keep up with technological trends and check their possible impacts on the training of engineers. The methodology was applied in practice, with results exceeding expectations.

A philosophy for Opening Biotechnology Collaboration for Therapeutics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Barkeloo ◽  
Timothy Cripe ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
Ronald Laymon ◽  
Pablo Pomposiello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Prescription Costs

The pharmaceutical industry faces a host of worsening problems: Multibillion-dollar expenses and decade-long development times to bring new drugs to market, high failure rates for new drug candidates, and a patent system that is both expensive and uncertain. Demanding regulatory requirements and governmental pressures on prescription costs add yet more pressure on drug development. Although the situation does not yet constitute a crisis, its current trajectory is becoming increasingly untenable. While the industry itself has been resourceful in introducing technological advances and operating reforms such as increased collaboration through patent pooling, these efforts do not exhaust the possibilities for improvement. In particular, there has been an emerging, more agile and responsive alternative model in pharmaceutical research and development, namely open source synthetic biology – a rapidly developing and highly collaborative effort based on engineering principles involving the design and construction of biological systems using standardized modules of DNA. Synthetic biology began entirely open to those who wished to participate, provided that they agreed to share their results without restrictions. In its current and more mature state, it retains much of its open source character and is consequently less dependent on secrecy and patent protection than the pharmaceutical industry’s largely proprietary approach. The success of open source synthetic biology has inspired us to further develop that approach for research and development in Biotechnology and its pharmaceutical applications. Here, we reviewed the history and progress of open source science and technology.

Pharmaceuticals, Patents, and Politics: Canada and Bill C-22

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Lexchin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
The Impact

In response to high drug prices, the Canadian government amended the country's patent act in 1969 to allow for compulsory licensing to import pharmaceuticals. As a result of the legislation, by 1983 drug costs in Canada were over $200 million lower than they would otherwise have been. The multinational drug industry was strongly opposed to compulsory licensing, despite any evidence that its economic position had been harmed. Restoration of patent protection for drugs was one of the key U.S. demands during free-trade negotiations between Canada and the United States in 1985–1987. The result was Bill C-22, which gave new drugs protection from compulsory licensing for seven to ten years. This article analyzes the impact of Bill C-22 on the generic industry, the creation of jobs in research and development, drug prices, and research and development expenditures. It concludes with an examination of future demands from the pharmaceutical industry.

A Biotechnology Dilemma: Patent Your Inventions (if you can) or Keep Them Secret

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Biotechnology Industry ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Secret Keeping ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Patentable Subject Matter ◽  
Made In

Biotechnology companies rely on patents to protect their most valuable inventions.  Patent protection helps support billions of dollars in research and development of life-saving drugs and treatments.  Protecting biotechnology inventions has become more difficult in the last few years, however, because legal trends have created uncertainty regarding what subject matter is eligible for patent protection.  Specifically, courts have narrowed the scope of what is patentable and have increasingly invalidated patents because they claim abstract ideas or laws of nature.  As biotechnology companies wait for more clarity on the scope of patentable subject matter, they face a dilemma of whether to patent their inventions or keep them secret.  Keeping inventions secret offers some benefits to companies, but may not be sufficient to protect the significant investment made in research and development.  The biotechnology industry will continue to grapple with this dilemma until the courts, the Patent Office or new legislation clarifies the boundaries of what subject matter is patentable.

Biotechnology in Argentina: Development and Resources

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Zylberberg ◽  
Asli Ceylan Oner ◽  
Ezequiel Zylberberg
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Government

Biotechnology related developments in Argentina have gained momentum in the past few years. The creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovative Production in 2007 that focuses on high-tech growth in technology related fields including biotechnology, demonstrates the public sector commitment to a field with a thriving business sector and promising improvements in research and development. By embracing its agricultural advantage and investing in research and innovation, Argentina has seen its stock of biotech companies grow to 120, of which 90 percent are domestic small and medium size. Today, biotechnology researchers in Argentina engage in international collaboration with other scholars and globally recognized institutions and the country has bilateral agreements with other countries to support biotechnology related research and development. There are many governmental and non-profit organizations that are influential in shaping Argentina’s vision on biotechnology. Although the government places importance in providing support in biotechnology research, innovation and investment, the paper argues that the rapid growth trends in the industry requires biotechnology to become higher on the national agenda. The lack of a royalty collection system, the absence of patent protection, and the inadequate sources of venture capital still remain as important problems. Attracting new forms of foreign capital, higher investment in infrastructure, building on existing regional and global networks in research and development, are all important areas for improvement to advance biotechnology in Argentina.  

scholarly journals Reduction of Economic Burden on State Exchequer by Using Various International Legal Flexibilities under TRIPS Agreement 1994 of WTO

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Muhammad Danyal Khan ◽  
Rao Imran Habib ◽  
Muhammad Asif Safdar
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patent ◽  
Indigenous Production

Revised format: May 2018 AvailableOnline: June 2018 During budget year 2016-17, public spending on procurement of medicines in Pakistan surged 29% touching an exorbitant figure of PKR 7.5 billion (Health Budget, 2016-17)Volume of provincial expenditure on medicine almost doubled rising to PKR 1.02 billion from 0.67 billion in last budget year 2015-16. Growing sum of public spending on medicine procurement has many factors such as poverty, money devaluation, indigenous production incapacity, and less developed standards of research and development. Apart from all enumerated above, global pharmaceutical patent protection regime under TRIPS Agreement, initiated by WTO, plays a pivotal role increasing public spending on procurement of medicines in developed and least developed countries. This work presents ways for reducing economic burden on state exchequer by exploiting maximum possible flexibilities under WTO regime to procure cost effective medicines. The work will be done in three parts; explaining Pakistan role and status in global pharmaceutical patent protection regime, existing challenges, and potentials for the country to save public spending on health using international legal agreements under WTO

scholarly journals Corporate social responsibility disclosure towards firm value

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Dien Ajeng Fauziah ◽  
Eko Ganis Sukoharsono ◽  
Erwin Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Corporate Social

This research aims to investigate and analyze the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure on firm value, either directly or indirectly, by involving innovation as a mediator. This study uses secondary data on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for a period of four years from 2015 to 2018. The sample selection method uses the purposive sampling method with several criteria to produce 104 companies as the research sample so there are 416 observations. The analysis technique used is a simple and multiple linear regression analysis technique using the STATA 13 application as well as the Sobel Test for mediation tests. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that both in quality and quantity corporate social responsibility disclosure has an effect on increasing firm value. The results also show that corporate social responsibility disclosure cannot increase firm value through innovation due to a lack of research and development activity in most manufacturing companies because research and development activities require a long time and process as well as ineffective patent protection. Innovation has an insignificant effect on firm value due to the high cost of research and development can have an impact on large costs that reduce profits. However, innovation can be increased by corporate social responsibility disclosure, which means investing in corporate social responsibility disclosure can indirectly encourage the development of innovative product and process activities in the company. Innovation becomes a partial mediation variable so that innovation works partially in mediating between corporate social responsibility disclosure and firm value.

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