scholarly journals Development Effects of Electrification: Evidence from the Topographic Placement of Hydropower Plants in Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Lipscomb ◽  
A. Mushfiq Mobarak ◽  
Tania Barham
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

We estimate the development effects of electrification across Brazil over the period 1960–2000. We simulate a time series of hypothetical electricity grids for Brazil for the period 1960–2000 that show how the grid would have evolved had infrastructure investments been made based solely on geography-based cost considerations. Using the model as an instrument, we document large positive effects of electrification on development that are underestimated when one fails to account for endogenous targeting. Broad-based improvement in labor productivity across sectors and regions rather than general equilibrium re-sorting appears to be the likely mechanism by which these development gains are realized. (JEL H54, L94, O11, O13, Q41, Q43)

Opportunities for accelerating labor productivity growth: The role of small and medium enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Evguenia V. Bessonova ◽  
Alexander G. Morozov ◽  
Natalia A. Turdyeva ◽  
Anna N. Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Labor Productivity Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Firms

The paper considers necessary conditions for acceleration of labor productivity growth in Russia. Based on micro data, as well as aggregate data, the paper quantifies the contribution of small and medium firms to labor productivity growth. It shows that mere increase of the number of small and medium enterprises is not as important for positive effects of these programs, as qualitative improvements: development of favorable environment for growth, which is largely determined by business climate. Accelerating productivity growth involves redistribution of labor and capital from inefficient to efficient enterprises. In particular, it is necessary to create conditions, which allow a firm to grow after it enters the market instead of stagnating as a small firm with low efficiency. At the same time, it is necessary for ineffective firms, which exhausted their growth potential, to have an opportunity to exit the market easily leaving resources including labor to fast-growing companies.

scholarly journals Are Soybean Yields Getting a Free Ride From Climate Change? Evidence From Argentine Time Series

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildegart Ahumada ◽  
Magdalena Cornejo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Correction

Soybean yields are often indicated as an interesting case of climate change mitigation due to the beneficial effects of CO2 fertilization. In this paper we econometrically study this effect using a time series model of yields in a multivariate framework for a main producer and exporter of this commodity, Argentina. We have to deal with the upward behavior of soybean yields trying to identify which variables are the long-run determinants responsible of its observed trend. With this aim we adopt a partial system approach to estimate subsets of long-run relationships due to climate, technological and economic factors. Using an automatic selection algorithm we evaluate encompassing of the different obtained equilibrium correction models. We found that only technological innovations due to new crop practices and the use of modified seeds explain soybean yield in the long run. Regarding short run determinants we found positive effects associated with the use of standard fertilizers and also from changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration which would suggest a mitigation effect from global warming. However, we also found negative climate effects from periods of droughts associated with La Niña episodes, high temperatures and extreme rainfall events during the growing season of the plant.

scholarly journals Case Study of Transient Dynamics in a Bypass Reach

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Anton J. Burman ◽  
Anders G. Andersson ◽  
J. Gunnar I. Hellström ◽  
Kristian Angele
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Water Surface Elevation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Downstream Distance ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Wetted Area ◽  
Bed Stability

The operating conditions of Nordic hydropower plants are expected to change in the coming years to work more in conjunction with intermittent power production, causing more frequent hydropeaking events. Hydropeaking has been shown to be detrimental to wildlife in the river reaches downstream of hydropower plants. In this work, we investigate how different possible future hydropeaking scenarios affect the water surface elevation dynamics in a bypass reach in the Ume River in northern Sweden. The river dynamics has been modeled using the open-source solver Delft3D. The numerical model was validated and calibrated with water-surface-elevation measurements. A hysteresis effect on the water surface elevation, varying with the downstream distance from the spillways, was seen in both the simulated and the measured data. Increasing the hydropeaking rate is shown to dampen the variation in water surface elevation and wetted area in the most downstream parts of the reach, which could have positive effects on habitat and bed stability compared to slower rates in that region.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF FISCAL STIMULUS AND MONETARY EASING IN INDONESIAN ECONOMY DURING GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS: FINANCIAL COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iskandar Simorangkir ◽  
Justina Adamanti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Monetary Expansion ◽  
Positive Effects

Global financial crisis started in mid 2008 has reduced global economic growth, and many countries even experienced economic contraction. To deal with economic contraction, various economic policies have been undertaken. Governments have increased fiscal stimulus through increasing expenditure and lowering tax while central banks have cut policy rates substantially. In some countries interest rates even reach zero or close to zero. Similar to many other countries, Indonesia has also undertaken expansionary policies, namely increasing fiscal stimulus and lowering interest rates.This paper examines the impacts of fiscal stimulus and interest rate cut on Indonesian economy using financial computable general equilibrium (FCGE) approach. The estimation results show a number of findings. First, the combination of fiscal expansion and monetary expansion boosts economic growth of Indonesia effectively. Relative to the effectiveness of fiscal expansion without monetary policy expansion or monetary expansion without fiscal expansion, the combination of those two policies is more effective.Second, looking into the components of GDP, the combination of fiscal and monetary expansion has a large multiplier effect, boosting aggregate demand through increasing consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports. Meanwhile, from production side, the combination of fiscal and monetary expansion has positive effects on increasing production of all economic sectors. This effect comes from fiscal incentive (lower tax, lower import duties, etc) in increasing investment. Moreover, the increase in aggregate demand also encourages enterprises to increase their production.Third, institutionally fiscal stimulus and monetary easing has increased income and purchasing power of the poor and rich households in rural and urban area. This increase in turn results in higher all household consumption.JEL Classification: D58, E12, E13, E52, E58, H25, H31, H53, H54Keywords: Fiscal stimulus, monetary easing, financial computable general equilibrium, global financial crisis.

Inverted Duty Structures and the Paradox of Negative Effective Protection in India, 2000–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Kanika Pathania ◽  
Aditya Bhattacharjea
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
General Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Tariff Rates

In recent years, sections of Indian industry have complained that they are being harmed by an inverted duty structure (IDS). That is, tariffs on their imported inputs are higher than that on their outputs. In this article, we argue that the concept of effective rate of protection (ERP), despite its limitations in the context of general equilibrium theory, provides an appropriate tool for analysing this issue. We outline the theory underlying the calculation of ERP and its relationship with IDS. We then offer new estimates of ERP for the period 2000–2014 using a data source that, unlike those used by earlier authors, enables us to construct a time series on ERP for each sector, using different tariff rates applied by India on imports from different countries. We find many instances of IDS but none of them results in negative ERP. Cases of negative ERP are found in a few sectors and years for which the counterfactual value added under free trade is negative. We discuss some possible explanations for this phenomenon. Finally, we show statistically and econometrically that, in line with theoretical expectations, ERPs are positively related to the degree of tariff escalation. JEL Codes: F13, F14, O24

IS Support for Knowledge Management and Firm Performance

2011 ◽  
pp. 234-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Organizational Resources ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Positive Effects

While a great deal has been written about how information systems (IS) can be deployed to facilitate knowledge management for performance improvements, there is little empirical evidence suggesting such IS deployment can actually improve a firm’s bottom-line performance. This study attempted to assess the impacts of IS support for two key knowledge management activities (knowledge generation and knowledge transfer) on labor productivity and profitability with both survey and archival data. The potential moderating effects of firm-specific, complementary organizational resources on the performance impacts of the IS support were also examined and tested. The results showed that IS support for knowledge generation and IS support for knowledge transfer both had direct positive effects on labor productivity. Coupled with firm-specific, complementary organizational resources, both types of IS support exerted positive effects on profitability.

Vegetation dynamics in a climate change hotspot: trend analysis in a Spanish dehesa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Reddig ◽  
Georg Bareth ◽  
Christina Bogner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Seasonal Component ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ndvi Time Series

<p><strong>      Introduction </strong>The Mediterranean region has been identified as a hotspot of climate change characterized by a large tree mortality. Extended drought periods, shifts in rainfall patterns, and increasing water stress are probably the main drivers. Especially holm (<em>Quercus ilex L.</em>) and cork oak trees (<em>Quercus suber L.</em>) in high-value and nature-based agroforestry systems (in Spain known as dehesa) have multiple positive effects on the microclimate, carbon storage, erosion prevention, increase of soil water content, and soil nutrient concentration, for example. With their positive effect on wind velocity, they are also considered the last natural barrier protecting the Iberian Peninsula and Central Europe from desertification processes advancing from North Africa.<br><strong>     Objective </strong>We assume that wrong management, biotic causes like pests and diseases, and especially water stress are responsible for a decreased resilience of oak trees. Our goal was to analyse the vegetation dynamics with the help of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series as an indicator for greenness and vitality. In particular, we focused on the trend of NDVI over about two decades.<br><strong>    Material and Methods</strong> We have selected eight plots (250 m x 250 m) with different topographical conditions and analysed an 18 years long NDVI time series (2003 - 2020) from MODIS (MYD13Q1). To extract the trend, we decomposed the time series into trend, seasonal component, and the high-frequency remainder. Subsequently, we did the Mann-Kendall test on the trend component to determine whether the trend is significant. Since environmental time series are rarely linear or stationary, many statistical decomposition methods are not suitable to produce physically meaningful results. Therefore we used the data-driven method <em>Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with adaptive Noise</em> (CEEMDAN) by Torres et al. 2011.<br><strong>     Results </strong>Depending on the topographical conditions of the plot, we were able to extract different NDVI trend signals from the time series. The NDVI values on the north-facing plots were larger than on the south-facing plots. The extracted trends were positive and significant (p <0.01). The seasonal component corresponded to the expected annual cycle.<br><strong>      Conclusion</strong> In order to assess vegetation dynamics, NDVI time series can be regarded as a good starting point, although one indicator alone does not allow to make final conclusions about vegetation changes. The purely data-driven decomposition method CEEMDAN avoids strong assumptions about the shape of the trend.</p>

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