scholarly journals Some Causal Effects of an Industrial Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Criscuolo ◽  
Ralf Martin ◽  
Henry G. Overman ◽  
John Van Reenen
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
Investment Subsidy

We exploit changes in the area-specific eligibility criteria for a program to support jobs through investment subsidies. European rules determine whether an area is eligible for subsidies, and we construct instrumental variables for area eligibility based on parameters of these rule changes. Areas eligible for higher subsidies significantly increased jobs and reduced unemployment. A 10-percentage point increase in the maximum investment subsidy stimulates a 10 percent increase in manufacturing employment. This effect exists solely for small firms: large companies accept subsidies without increasing activity. There are positive effects on investment and employment for incumbent firms but not Total Factor Productivity. (JEL E24, G31, H25, L25, L52, R23)

Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Candelaria ◽  
Kenneth A. Shores
Keyword(s):  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Treated State

We provide new evidence about the effect of court-ordered finance reforms that took place between 1989 and 2010 on per-pupil revenues and graduation rates. We account for heterogeneity in the treated and counterfactual groups to estimate the effect of overturning a state's finance system. Seven years after reform, the highest poverty quartile in a treated state experienced an 11.5 percent to 12.1 percent increase in per-pupil spending, and a 6.8 to 11.5 percentage point increase in graduation rates. We subject the model to various sensitivity tests, which provide upper and lower bounds on the estimates. Estimates range, in most cases, from 6 to 12 percentage points for graduation rates.

An Honors Teacher Like Me: Effects of Access to Same-Race Teachers on Black Students’ Advanced-Track Enrollment and Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
Cassandra M. D. Hart
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
School Students ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
And Performance

Using rich administrative data from North Carolina and school-course fixed effects models, this study explores whether the availability of same-race instructors in advanced-track sections of courses affects Black high school students’ enrollment in, and performance in, advanced-track courses. The availability of at least one Black instructor at the advanced level is associated with a 2 percentage point increase in the uptake of advanced courses for Black students. However, conditional on enrollment in the advanced track, Black students are no more likely to pass advanced-track courses when taught by Black teachers. Positive effects on enrollment are driven by enrollment shifts for higher achieving students. Additional analyses showing benefits to non-Black students suggest that the main channels are not race-specific role model effects.

scholarly journals Measuring Social Unrest Using Media Reports

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (129) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Barrett ◽  
Maximiliano Appendino ◽  
Kate Nguyen ◽  
Jorge de Leon Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Monthly Time Series ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Media Reports

We present a new index of social unrest based on counts of relevant media reports. The index consists of individual monthly time series for 130 countries, available with almost no lag, and can be easily and transparently replicated. Spikes in the index identify major events, which correspond very closely to event timelines from external sources for four major regional waves of social unrest. We show that the cross-sectional distribution of the index can be simply and precisely characterized, and that social unrest is associated with a 3 percentage point increase in the frequency of social unrest domestically and a 1 percent increase in neighbors in the next six months. Despite this, social unrest is not a better predictor of future social unrest than the country average rate.

scholarly journals Has Gavi lived up to its promise? Quasi-experimental evidence on country immunisation rates and child mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. e001789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Jaupart ◽  
Lizzie Dipple ◽  
Stefan Dercon
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Immunisation Coverage ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Vaccines For Children ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, was set up in 2000 to improve access to vaccines for children living in the poorest countries. Funding has increased significantly over time, with Gavi disbursements reaching US $1.58 billion in 2015. We assess whether Gavi’s funding programmes have indeed increased immunisation coverage in 51 recipient countries for two key vaccines for 12–23 month olds: combined diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) and measles. Additionally, we look at effects on infant and child mortality.MethodsTaking a difference-in-differences quasi-experimental approach to observational data, we estimate the impact of Gavi eligibility on immunisation coverage and mortality rates over time, using WHO/UNICEF figures covering 1995–2016. We control for economy size and population of each country as well as running a suite of robustness checks and sensitivity tests.ResultsWe find large and significant positive effects from Gavi’s funding programmes: on average a 12.02 percentage point increase in DPT immunisation coverage (95% CI 6.56 to 17.49) and an 8.81 percentage point increase in measles immunisation coverage (95% CI 3.58 to 14.04) over the period to 2016. Our estimates show Gavi support also induced 6.22 fewer infant deaths (95% CI −10.47 to −1.97) and 12.23 fewer under-five deaths (95% CI −19.66 to −4.79) per 1000 live births.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence that Gavi has had a substantial impact on the fight against communicable diseases for improved population and child health in lower-income countries. In this case, the health policy to verticalise aid—specifically development assistance for health—via a specialised global fund has had positive outcomes.

Bailout policies will raise Greek taxpayer's burden

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Business Tax

Significance Tax arrears are expected to rise to 95 billion euros (106 billion dollars) by year-end following the introduction of new taxes. An ever-rising tax burden is encouraging evasion while discouraging investment, which prefers a tax regime that is both low and predictable. Impacts Nearly 70% of taxpayers may not meet their obligations in full this year, according to the Athens Chamber of Commerce and Industry. A 3-percentage-point increase in the basic rate of business tax will hit small firms in particular. Individuals face not only higher income tax rates but a plethora of new indirect taxes and increases in property tax. Evasion will increase the sense that austerity weighs more on some than others, making the policy politically less sustainable.

Disaggregated Sales and Stock Returns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Agarwal ◽  
Wenlan Qian ◽  
Xin Zou
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Price Response ◽  
Earnings Information ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Transmission Speed

Using transaction-level credit-card spending from a large U.S. financial institution, we show that disaggregated sales provide accurate and persistent signals of customer demand relevant to a firm’s stock pricing. After controlling for earnings and sales surprises, one interquintile increase in the adjusted customer spending during a firm’s fiscal quarter leads to a 1.5 percentage point increase in the 60-day post–earnings announcement cumulative abnormal return. The predictability concentrates in consumer-oriented firms, especially those relying more on indirect sales distribution channels. We also find a stronger return response to spending from high-FICO-score, high-liquidity, and loyal customers. The transmission speed of disaggregated sales information is slower than that of the earnings information, and small firms or firms far from their end customers exhibit a more delayed price response. Finally, the return implications of adjusted customer spending extend to firms along the production chain. This paper was accepted by Haoxiang Zhu, finance.

scholarly journals Empirical Evaluation On External Debt Of Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor’Aznin Abu Bakar ◽  
Sallahuddin Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Short Run

This study analyzes the effects of external debts on economic growth in Malaysia. The analysis is conducted both at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The empirical results are based on VAR estimates using GDP, external debts, capital accumulation, labor force and human capital. Estimation results at the aggregate level indicate that total external debts affect economic growth positively. In particular, one percentage point increase in total external debts generates 1.29 percentage point of economic growth in the long term. Meanwhile, the positive effects of project loan has been detected at the disaggregate level. However, market loan has not shown any significant effect on economic growth. In the short-run, total external debts as well as project loan has positive effects on economic growth.

The Effect of Taxation and Corruption on Firm Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Bich Le Thi Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the impact of taxation and corruption on the growth of manufacturing firms in Vietnam. The study employed pooled OLS estimation and then instrument variables with fixed effect for the panel data of 1377 firms in Vietnam from 2005 to 2011. These data were obtained from the survey of the Central Institute for Economic Management and the Danish International Development Agency. The results show that both taxation and corruption are negatively associated with firm growth measured by firm sales adjusted according to the GDP deflator. A one-percentage point increase in the bribery rate is linked with a reduction of 16,883 percentage points in firm revenue, over four and a half times bigger than the effect of a one-percentage point increase in the tax rate. From the findings of this research, the author recommends the Vietnam government to lessen taxation on firms and that there should be an urgent revolution in anti-corruption policies as well as bureaucratic improvement in Vietnam.

scholarly journals African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Catalano ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Tim Bruckner ◽  
Joan A. Casey ◽  
Katherine Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractPeriviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .5% of births in the US but account for 40% of infant mortality and 20% of billed hospital obstetric costs. African American women contribute about 14% of live births in the US, but these include nearly a third of the country’s periviable births. Consistent with theory and with periviable births among other race/ethnicity groups, males predominate among African American periviable births in stressed populations. We test the hypothesis that the disparity in periviable male births among African American and non-Hispanic white populations responds to the African American unemployment rate because that indicator not only traces, but also contributes to, the prevalence of stress in the population. We use time-series methods that control for autocorrelation including secular trends, seasonality, and the tendency to remain elevated or depressed after high or low values. The racial disparity in male periviable birth increases by 4.45% for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate of African Americans above its expected value. We infer that unemployment—a population stressor over which our institutions exercise considerable control—affects the disparity between African American and non-Hispanic white periviable births in the US.

Health Insurance Status as a Predictor of Mode of Colon Cancer Detection but Not Stage at Diagnosis: Implications for Early Detection

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492199917
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Jones ◽  
Katherine C. Brewer ◽  
Leslie R. Carnahan ◽  
Jennifer A. Parsons ◽  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase

Objective For colon cancer patients, one goal of health insurance is to improve access to screening that leads to early detection, early-stage diagnosis, and polyp removal, all of which results in easier treatment and better outcomes. We examined associations among health insurance status, mode of detection (screen detection vs symptomatic presentation), and stage at diagnosis (early vs late) in a diverse sample of patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer from the Chicago metropolitan area. Methods Data came from the Colon Cancer Patterns of Care in Chicago study of racial and socioeconomic disparities in colon cancer screening, diagnosis, and care. We collected data from the medical records of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients aged ≥50 and diagnosed with colon cancer from October 2010 through January 2014 (N = 348). We used logistic regression with marginal standardization to model associations between health insurance status and study outcomes. Results After adjusting for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, being continuously insured 5 years before diagnosis and through diagnosis was associated with a 20 (95% CI, 8-33) percentage-point increase in prevalence of screen detection. Screen detection in turn was associated with a 15 (95% CI, 3-27) percentage-point increase in early-stage diagnosis; however, nearly half (47%; n = 54) of the 114 screen-detected patients were still diagnosed at late stage (stage 3 or 4). Health insurance status was not associated with earlier stage at diagnosis. Conclusions For health insurance to effectively shift stage at diagnosis, stronger associations are needed between health insurance and screening-related detection; between screening-related detection and early stage at diagnosis; or both. Findings also highlight the need to better understand factors contributing to late-stage colon cancer diagnosis despite screen detection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document