Intrinsic near Infrared Sensor for the Determination of the Drainage Behaviour of Aqueous Detergent Solutions

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A153-A158
Author(s):  
R Eberl ◽  
J Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Straightforward Manner ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Aqueous Detergent

Surfactants, detergents or tensides are synonyms for substances that, even at low concentrations, can drastically alter the interfacial properties of a multiphase system. Their main application fields—among many others—are cleaning processes in households, trade and industry. A certain substance-specific concentration (c.m.c.) is generally considered to be optimal for these applications. However, the fast and inexpensive determination of tenside concentrations is still a difficult task. Our approach to this problem is based on the fact that the draining behaviour of aqueous solutions on hard surfaces depends strongly on the actual concentration of detergents. Near the critical micelle concentration a stable fluid film remains on the wetted surface. The use of optic-intrinsic sensors in the NIR allows the detection of these changes in a straightforward manner by monitoring the sensor response after retrieving the sensor from the sample liquid. A potential application of this sensor principle is expected for controlling the detergent addition mainly in large-scale cleaning devices. This would be of both economical and ecological advantage.

scholarly journals Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Modelling For Soil Fertility Measurements: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance

Basic soil composition, or more precisely, soil organic matter, soil clay mineralogy and soil texture have been in the core of most infrared spectroscopy research for soils. Of course, nutrient availability, soil structure, soil microbial activity and soil fertility have also been a major subject of interest over the past two decades. The determination of soil nutrients is now becoming a routine work at large scale to gain high yield. The large number of soil nutrients determining techniques are used. The current paper presented that among tested techniques, Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a best technique which has been used widely with minimum time, low in cost, ecofriendly and rapid determination of chemical, physical properties and organic matter present in soil. Obviously, this useful technique can be used to estimate properties such as mineral composition, SOM, water, percentage of carbon, nitrogen and clay content. It could be used directly in soil mapping, for monitoring soil, for making inferences about its quality and function, and making geomorphological interpretations of its distribution. The development of most accurate and trustworthy NIRS approaches are required.

Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes for Substrates of Immobilized Pyranose Oxidase

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1226-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Petřivalský ◽  
Petr Skládal ◽  
Lumír Macholán ◽  
Jindřich Volc
Keyword(s):  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Graphite Electrode ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Concentration Region ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Pyranose Oxidase ◽  
Linear Concentration

Two kinds of biosensors for the determination of pyranose oxidase substrates were developed, based on the detection of evolving hydrogen peroxide on a platinum or platinized graphite electrode at +650 or +400 mV, respectively. The membranes consisted of enzyme immobilized by covalent bonds on nylon net and were stable for 8 months of dry storage at 4 °C. In addition to D-glucose, low concentrations of D-xylose, D-galactose and L-sorbose can also be measured with the biosensor. The shift of the optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme to the alkaline region (8.0 - 9.5) is convenient for the borate buffer medium which extends the linear concentration region of the biosensor to 15 mmol l-1 for D-galactose, 30 mmol l-1 for D-xylose and 30 mmol l-1 for maltose. L-Sorbose provides no response up to a concentration of 10 mmol l-1 in 0.05 M borate and up to a concentration of 30 mmol l-1 in 0.2 M borate at pH 9.2. Interfering D-glucose was eliminated up to 2.5 mmol l-1 by means of an enzyme pre-membrane with immobilized hexokinase. The effect of ascorbate was eliminated, up to 75 mmol l-1, by using a cellulose acetate electrostatic barrier. D-Galactose, however, decreases the sensor response to D-glucose.

The effect of beam size on real-time determination of powder blend homogeneity by an online near infrared sensor

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyong Li ◽  
Mark C. Johnson ◽  
Rick Bruce ◽  
Henrik Rasmussen ◽  
Gregory D. Worosila
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Beam Size ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Powder Blend ◽  
Time Determination

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

Immunogold labeling of CMP-KDO synthetase produced by recombinant E. Coli cells

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 924-925
Author(s):  
F. A. Durum ◽  
R. G. Goldman ◽  
T. J. Bolling ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Test System ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Concentrations

CMP-KDO synthetase (CKS) is an enzyme which plays a key role in the synthesis of LPS, an outer membrane component unique to gram negative bacteria. CKS activates KDO to CMP-KDO for incorporation into LPS. The enzyme is normally present in low concentrations (0.02% of total cell protein) which makes it difficult to perform large scale isolation and purification. Recently, the gene for CKS from E. coli was cloned and various recombinant DNA constructs overproducing CKS several thousandfold (unpublished data) were derived. Interestingly, no cytoplasmic inclusions of overproduced CKS were observed by EM (Fig. 1) which is in contrast to other reports of large proteinaceous inclusion bodies in various overproducing recombinant strains. The present immunocytochemical study was undertaken to localize CKS in these cells.Immune labeling conditions were first optimized using a previously described cell-free test system. Briefly, this involves soaking small blocks of polymerized bovine serum albumin in purified CKS antigen and subjecting them to various fixation, embedding and immunochemical conditions.

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