Disturbances in Haematology, Fluid Volume Distribution and Circulatory Function Associated with Low Environmental pH in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LOUISE MILLIGAN ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Plasma Ions ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Total Body

Exposure of adult rainbow trout to low pH (4.0–4.5) for 3 days resulted in progressive increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and haematocrit. The haematocrit increase resulted from erythrocyte swelling, a reduction in plasma volume and a mobilization of erythrocytes from the spleen. Erythrocyte swelling probably resulted from plasma acidosis and a reduction in plasma ions (McDonald & Wood, 1981). There was an associated redistribution of body water from extracellular to intracellular compartments, but maintenance of total body water content. Erythrocyte mobilization was reflected in an increase in reticulocyte and erythrocyte counts, and a depletion of splenic blood reserves. Haemoconcentration caused large increases in blood viscosity, which contributed to the rise in blood pressure. Pharmacological analysis revealed an adrenergic component to the cardiovascular disturbance. These events are thought to play a key role in the toxic syndrome.

Branchial and Renal Acid and Ion Fluxes in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, at Low Environmental pH

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
C.M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Total Body

Rainbow trout were exposed for 4 days to an environmental pH averaging 4.2, an exposure which resulted in a continuous net branchial influx of acid. The influx provoked a progressive depression in blood pH and [HCO3−], virtually complete by 48 h, and a marked increase in renal acid excretion, also complete by 48 h. The increase in the latter was sufficient to remove, at maximum, about half of the protons entering at the gills; those remaining were buffered in body fluids. The low pH exposure also impaired gill ion regulation as indicated by continuous net branchial losses of Na+, Cl− and K+ and by a progressive decline in plasma Na+ and Cl− levels. Evidence is presented which indicates that there was a significant contribution by the intracellular compartment both to the total body ion losses and to the buffering of the body acid load.

Acid-Base Regulation Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison Between Freshwaterand Sea Water-Adapted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. TANG ◽  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
R. G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Counter Ions

Blood acid-base regulation following exhaustive exercise was investigated in freshwater- (FW) and seawater- (SW) adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of the same genetic stock. Following exhaustive exercise at 10°C, both FW and SW trout displayed a mixed respiratory and metabolic blood acidosis. However, in FW trout the acidosis was about double that of SW trout and arterial blood pH took twice as long to correct. These SW/FW differences were related to the relative amounts of net H+ equivalent excretion to the environmental water, SW trout excreting five times as much as FW trout. The greater H+ equivalent excretion in SW trout may be secondary to changes in the gills that accompany the adaptation from FW to SW. It may also be related to the higher concentrations of HCO3− as well as other exchangeable counter-ions (Na+ and Cl−) in the external medium in SW compared to FW.

The effect of low pH and aluminum on the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthy A. Klaprat ◽  
S. B. Brown ◽  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Acute Ammonia Toxicity and Ammonia Excretion in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty A. Hillaby ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Ammonia

Acute ammonia toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied by intraarterial injection of NH4Cl and NH4HCO3. Hydrogen ion and total ammonia concentrations were measured in blood sampled from the dorsal aorta both before and after injection. Although injection of NH4HCO3 increased arterial blood pH, and injection of NH4Cl decreased arterial blood pH, the same dose of each was required to kill fish. While the un-ionized form of ammonia in water has been shown to be toxic, in the blood either the ionized form or the total ammonia load is toxic to fish. Ammonia levels were measured in pre- and postbranchial blood. Mean values were not significantly different, but paired values indicated a fall in blood ammonia due to excretion across the gills. There appears to be a more rapid excretion of ammonia following NH4HCO3 infusions, which result in higher un-ionized ammonia levels in blood compared with those following NH4Cl infusions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ammonia is excreted in the un-ionized form. Key words: un-ionized ammonia, ionized ammonia, gills, pH, blood

TOTAL BODY WATER REDUCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD PRESSURE DROP IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. S193
Author(s):  
Marcospaulo Milagres ◽  
Caciane Souza ◽  
Clarissa Carvalho ◽  
Claudio Amaral ◽  
Cynthia Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Reduction ◽  
Total Body

Sodium-, potassium-, chloride-, and bicarbonate-related effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (6) ◽  
pp. F1752-F1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Ziomber ◽  
Agnes Machnik ◽  
Anke Dahlmann ◽  
Peter Dietsch ◽  
Franz-Xaver Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Water Mass Balance ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension ◽  
Volume Retention

Na+ loading without Cl− fails to increase blood pressure in the DOCA model. We compared the changes in the total body (TB) effective Na+, K+, Cl−, and water (TBW) content as well as in intracellular (ICV) or extracellular (ECV) volume in rats receiving DOCA-NaCl, DOCA-NaHCO3, or DOCA-KHCO3. We divided 42 male rats into 5 groups. Group 1 was untreated, group 2 received 1% NaCl, and groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with DOCA and received 1% NaCl, 1.44% NaHCO3, or 1.7% KHCO3 to drink. We measured mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) directly after 3 wk. Tissue electrolyte and water content was measured by chemical analysis. Compared with control rats, DOCA-NaCl increased MAP while DOCA-NaHCO3 and DOCA-KHCO3 did not. DOCA-NaCl increased TBNa+ 26% but only moderately increased TBW. DOCA-NaHCO3 led to similar TBNa+ excess, while TBW and ICV, but not ECV, were increased more than in DOCA-NaCl rats. DOCA-KHCO3 did not affect TBNa+ or volume. At a given TB(Na++K+) and TBW, MAP in DOCA-NaCl rats was higher than in control, DOCA-NaHCO3, and DOCA-KHCO3 rats, indicating that hypertension in DOCA-NaCl rats was not dependent on TB(Na++K+) and water mass balance. Skin volume retention was hypertonic compared with serum and paralleled hypertension in DOCA-NaCl rats. These rats had higher TB(Na++K+)-to-TBW ratio in accumulated fluid than DOCA-NaHCO3 rats. DOCA-NaCl rats also had increased intracellular Cl− concentrations in skeletal muscle. We conclude that excessive cellular electrolyte redistribution and/or intracellular Na+ or Cl− accumulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.

Physiological characteristics of rats and ground squirrels during prolonged lethargic hypothermia

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Arterial Blood

After intensive cooling, rats can be maintained at constant body temperature during several hours in a cylinder surrounded by cold water. The rats live in lethargic hypothermia at a body temperature of 15°C for 8–10 hours but can recover only if the hypothermia has not lasted more than 5.5 hours, average time of ‘biological survival.’ After 6 or more hours at 15°C adult rats showed irreversible hemoconcentration, hypoglycemia, drop in arterial blood pressure and low pH of the blood, but no change in pulse rate. Artificially cooled ground squirrels survived 110 hours at a body temperature of 10°C, ‘biological survival’ time being only 75 hours. Hemoconcentration, low arterial blood pressure and hypoglycemia have also been found in lethargic ground squirrels during the last part of survival. They cannot be rescued by rewarming. The deeply cooled animal with stabilized temperature is in a physiological state that changes with time and ultimately leads to death. A recovery prognosis during long-term hypothermia has been attempted, and the cause of death has been discussed.

The Influence of Calcium on the Physiological Responses of the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, to Low Environmental pH

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
H. HŌBE ◽  
C. M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Minor Depression ◽  
Regulatory Failure ◽  
A Minor

The physiological responses of 1- to 2-year-old rainbow trout to low pH are dependent on the environmental calcium concentration. Trout, maintained for 5 days in moderately hard water ([Ca2+] = 1·6–2·7 m-equiv/1) at a mean pH of 4·3, developed a major blood acidosis but exhibited only a minor depression in plasma ion levels. In acidified soft water ([Ca2+] = 0·3 m-equiv/1), only a minor acidosis occurred, but plasma ion levels fell and there were substantially greater mortalities. Lethal bioassays performed on fingerling trout over a range of pH levels (3·0–4·8) revealed an important influence of external [Ca2+] on resistance to acid exposure. Terminal physiological measurements on adult fish succumbing to low pH in soft water indicate the singular importance of iono-regulatory failure as the toxic mechanism of action under these circumstances.

Effect of coronary artery ablation on exercise performance in Salmo gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Daxboeck
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Vascular Pattern ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Type Water

Ablation of the coronary artery of the rainbow trout does not affect the level of exercise performance attained in a Brett-type water tunnel, when compared with intact or sham-operated fish. Arterial blood supply to the myocardium is maintained, following artery ablation, by small patent vessels in the adventitia of the bulbus–ventral aorta. The significance of the arterial vascular pattern of trout hearts is discussed.

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