Effect of coronary artery ablation on exercise performance in Salmo gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Daxboeck
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Vascular Pattern ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Type Water

Ablation of the coronary artery of the rainbow trout does not affect the level of exercise performance attained in a Brett-type water tunnel, when compared with intact or sham-operated fish. Arterial blood supply to the myocardium is maintained, following artery ablation, by small patent vessels in the adventitia of the bulbus–ventral aorta. The significance of the arterial vascular pattern of trout hearts is discussed.

Acid-Base Regulation Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison Between Freshwaterand Sea Water-Adapted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. TANG ◽  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
R. G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Counter Ions

Blood acid-base regulation following exhaustive exercise was investigated in freshwater- (FW) and seawater- (SW) adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of the same genetic stock. Following exhaustive exercise at 10°C, both FW and SW trout displayed a mixed respiratory and metabolic blood acidosis. However, in FW trout the acidosis was about double that of SW trout and arterial blood pH took twice as long to correct. These SW/FW differences were related to the relative amounts of net H+ equivalent excretion to the environmental water, SW trout excreting five times as much as FW trout. The greater H+ equivalent excretion in SW trout may be secondary to changes in the gills that accompany the adaptation from FW to SW. It may also be related to the higher concentrations of HCO3− as well as other exchangeable counter-ions (Na+ and Cl−) in the external medium in SW compared to FW.

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Acute Ammonia Toxicity and Ammonia Excretion in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty A. Hillaby ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Ammonia

Acute ammonia toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied by intraarterial injection of NH4Cl and NH4HCO3. Hydrogen ion and total ammonia concentrations were measured in blood sampled from the dorsal aorta both before and after injection. Although injection of NH4HCO3 increased arterial blood pH, and injection of NH4Cl decreased arterial blood pH, the same dose of each was required to kill fish. While the un-ionized form of ammonia in water has been shown to be toxic, in the blood either the ionized form or the total ammonia load is toxic to fish. Ammonia levels were measured in pre- and postbranchial blood. Mean values were not significantly different, but paired values indicated a fall in blood ammonia due to excretion across the gills. There appears to be a more rapid excretion of ammonia following NH4HCO3 infusions, which result in higher un-ionized ammonia levels in blood compared with those following NH4Cl infusions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ammonia is excreted in the un-ionized form. Key words: un-ionized ammonia, ionized ammonia, gills, pH, blood

scholarly journals Adenosine A1 receptor activation reduces myocardial reperfusion effects on intrinsic cardiac nervous system

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (5) ◽  
pp. R1314-R1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Arora ◽  
J. A. Armour
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Coronary Artery Occlusion ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Hemodynamic Variables ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
A1 Receptor

The intrinsic cardiac nervous system is the final common integrator of regional cardiac function. The ischemic myocardium modifies this nervous system. We sought to determine the role that intrinsic cardiac neuronal P1purinergic receptors play in transducing myocardial ischemia and the subsequent reperfusion. The activity generated by ventricular neurons was recorded concomitant with cardiac hemodynamic variables in 44 anesthetized pigs. Regional ventricular ischemia was induced by briefly occluding (30 s) the ventral interventricular coronary artery distal to the arterial blood supply of identified ventricular neurons. Adenosine (100 μM) was administered to these neurons via their local arterial blood supply during or immediately after transient coronary artery occlusion. Occlusion was also performed following local administration of adenosine A1[8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX)] or A2[3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX)] receptor blocking agents. The activity generated by ventricular neurons was modified by transient coronary artery occlusion and the subsequent reperfusion (‖Δ‖ 112 ± 14 and 168 ± 34 impulses/min, respectively; P < 0.01 vs. preischemic states). Locally administered adenosine attenuated neuronal responses to reperfusion (−75%; P < 0.01 compared with normal reperfusion) but not ischemia. The neuronal stabilizing effects that adenosine elicited during reperfusion persisted in the presence of DMPX but not DPCPX. It is concluded that activation of neuronal adenosine A1 receptors stabilizes the intrinsic cardiac nervous system during reperfusion.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Blood Flow in the Gills of Fish: Application of a New Technique to Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN H. BOOTH
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Functional Surface ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Blood Flow Patterns

Injecting vitally stained blood cells into the ventral aorta of unrestrained cannulated fish, and rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen, provided a method of investigating blood flow patterns in the gills. Rainbow trout in air-saturated water perfused an average of 58% of the secondary lamellae of the gills. Perfusion of the filamental central compartment was insignificant indicating that the effects of any non-respiratory shunting would be unimportant. If the functional surface area of the gills is variable, it seems likely that this would be accomplished through lamellar recruitment. There was no evidence that pillar cell contraction affected lamellar perfusion. There was preferential perfusion of lamellae near the base of the filaments, and of filaments near the dorsal end of the gill arches.

Water Flow and Gas Exchange at the Gills of Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. DAVIS ◽  
JAMES N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Rubber Membrane ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. Ventilation volume was measured directly in rainbow trout using a rubber membrane attached to the mouth which separated inspired and expired water and allowed collection of the latter. 2. Mean ventilation volume at 8.6 °C for 18 trout weighing approximately 200 g was 37±1.8 ml/min/fish. Mean ventilation rate and ventilatory stroke volume averaged 74 breaths/min and 0.5 ml/breath respectively. 3. Ventilation volume could be increased nearly sevenfold during moderate, shortterm hypoxia as a result of a large increase in ventilatory stroke volume and a small increase in ventilation rate. 4. The ratio between the flow rates of water and blood through the gills was approximately 10. 5. Percentage utilization of oxygen from inspired water had a mean of 46±1.5% and ranged from 23 to 64%. 6. Artificial perfusion of the gills with water at different flow rates was achieved by tying a tube into the mouth of trout. 7. Perfused fish could not saturate their arterial blood with oxygen at a perfusion rate of 45 ml/min but could do so at rates ranging from 85 to 1200 ml/min. 8. Low arterial tensions at a perfusion rate approximating the mean V·G of fish with oral membranes are probably the result of a poor pattern of water flow over the gills during perfusion. 9. Opercular movements occurred only at perfusion rates below 700 ml/min and increased in frequency as perfusion rate dropped. This ventilatory activity may have resulted from receptors sensitive either to water flow over the gills or to arterial Po2. 10. As perfusion rate went up cardiac output and oxygen uptake increased. These changes were accompanied by a drop in dorsal aortic pressure which reflected vasodilation of the gills and peripheral circulation. This change in the pattern of blood flow through the gills contributed to a 50% increase in oxygen transfer factor across the gills. 11. At the highest perfusion rates there was no apparent impairment of gas exchange even though anatomical deadspace was probably high.

Disturbances in Haematology, Fluid Volume Distribution and Circulatory Function Associated with Low Environmental pH in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LOUISE MILLIGAN ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Plasma Ions ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Total Body

Exposure of adult rainbow trout to low pH (4.0–4.5) for 3 days resulted in progressive increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and haematocrit. The haematocrit increase resulted from erythrocyte swelling, a reduction in plasma volume and a mobilization of erythrocytes from the spleen. Erythrocyte swelling probably resulted from plasma acidosis and a reduction in plasma ions (McDonald & Wood, 1981). There was an associated redistribution of body water from extracellular to intracellular compartments, but maintenance of total body water content. Erythrocyte mobilization was reflected in an increase in reticulocyte and erythrocyte counts, and a depletion of splenic blood reserves. Haemoconcentration caused large increases in blood viscosity, which contributed to the rise in blood pressure. Pharmacological analysis revealed an adrenergic component to the cardiovascular disturbance. These events are thought to play a key role in the toxic syndrome.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hypoxia and Anaemia on the Swimming Performance of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID R. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Significant Difference

1. A series of increasing water-velocity tests in a water tunnel has been used to investigate the maximum swimming performance of two groups of rainbow trout, one acclimated to high temperature (21-23 °C) and the other to low temperature (8-10 °C). 2. At temperatures close to their acclimation temperatures there was no significant difference between the maximum swimming speeds of the two groups of trout. 3. Exposure to an environmental oxygen tension of half the air-saturation value resulted in a 43 % reduction in maximum swimming performance at low temperature and a 30 % reduction at high temperature compared with normal animals. 4. Reduction in haematocrit to one-half or one-third normal resulted in a 34% reduction in maximum swimming speed at low temperature and a 40% reduction at high temperature compared with control animals (blank injected). 5. The results are discussed in terms of whether fish can be assumed to be in a steady state at all velocities below the critical velocity and whether it is possible to attribute the differences in performance, during anaemia and hypoxia, to increased metabolic cost of the cardiac and branchial pumps.

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