A Sliding Microtubule Model Incorporating Axonemal Twist and Compatible with Three-dimensional Ciliary Bending

1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-280
Author(s):  
M.J. E. HOLWILL ◽  
HOWARD J. COHEN ◽  
PETER SATIR
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Twist Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Central Pair ◽  
Metachronal Wave ◽  
Recovery Stroke ◽  
Selection Of

1. Equations are developed to calculate the relative displacements of the doublet microtubules at the tip of a cilium when the microtubules twist about the axis of the organelle. 2. Displacements measured from electron micrographs show asymmetry (or skew) which can be matched quantitatively by the theoretical model with the appropriate selection of twist angle and orientation of the axoneme with respect to the plane of beat. 3. For Elliptio cilia the experimental results are consistent with a planar effective stroke and a recovery stroke involving a three-dimensional bend. The plane of the effective stroke is not normal to a surface containing the central pair of microtubules but contains microtubule 2 to produce the observed skew. 4. This model for the beat also explains the range of orientations of axoneme observed in sections through the metachronal wave.

The Profile Development of a Twin-Land Oil-Control Ring During Running-In

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Visscher ◽  
D. Dowson ◽  
C. M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Twist Angle ◽  
Theoretical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Roughness Height ◽  
Profile Development ◽  
Motored Engine

This paper presents experimental results of motored engine tests on the wear and profile development of a twin-land oil-control ring. It is shown that the roughness height of the plateau honed liner decreases during running-in, indicating that the deeper grooves remain unaffected. The piston lands are much smoother, and do not show a significant overall change in surface roughness. The profile development results are compared with computer predictions in order to verify the theoretical modeling. It is indicated that the worn land profiles remain tapered, with an inclination resembling the twist angle of the ring. However, there remains a difference in the experimental and the numerically predicted land inclinations. This is probably due to the piston tilt, which was not included in the theoretical model.

scholarly journals The analysis of echotrace obtained by a split-beam echosounder to observe the tilt-angle dependence of fish target strength in situ

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Furusawa ◽  
Kazuo Amakasu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prolate Spheroid ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Angle Dependence ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Furusawa, M., and Amakusu, K. 2010. The analysis of echotrace obtained by a split-beam echosounder to observe the tilt-angle dependence of fish target strength in situ. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 215–230. A method of echotrace analysis (ETA), proposed by Furusawa and Miyanohana in 1988 utilizes successive echodata from an individual fish to obtain the target-strength (TS) pattern as a function of fish tilt angle and behaviour. The method can be applied to data from an echosounder with any beam configuration, single-, dual-, and split-beam. However, the method has not been applied rigorously to split-beam sounder data, which provide most comprehensive and accurate information. The aim of this work is to establish an accurate and practical ETA method for split-beam echosounder data. Although the basic theory had already been developed, some theoretical and practical enhancement was needed; smoothing of an echotrack by linear and quadratic regressions, correction for transducer motion, and comparison of an observed TS pattern with a prolate-spheroid theoretical model. The analysis starts from careful selection of a single echotrace on an echogram and ends with a composite display of results including a three-dimensional fish track and a TS pattern as a function of the tilt angle of the fish. The method was applied to typical echotrace examples, and utility and practicality were confirmed. A means of increasing the number of applicable echotraces is discussed.

Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
General Object ◽  
The Ideal

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.

Actuation and dynamic mechanical characteristics of a core free flat dielectric electro-active polymer soft actuator

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7396-7404
Author(s):  
Abdul Malek Abdul Wahab ◽  
Emiliano Rustighi ◽  
Zainudin A.
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Initial Tension ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Soft Actuator ◽  
Average Percentage Error ◽  
Mechanical Dynamics

Various complex shapes of dielectric electro-active polymer (DEAP) actuator have been promoted for several types of applications. In this study, the actuation and mechanical dynamics characteristics of a new core free flat DEAP soft actuator were investigated. This actuator was developed by Danfoss PolyPower. DC voltage of up to 2000 V was supplied for identifying the actuation characteristics of the actuator and compare with the existing formula. The operational frequency of the actuator was determined by dynamic testing. Then, the soft actuator has been modelled as a uniform bar rigidly fixed at one end and attached to mass at another end. Results from the theoretical model were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the deformation of the current actuator was quadratic proportional to the voltage supplied. It was found that experimental results and theory were not in good agreement for low and high voltage with average percentage error are 104% and 20.7%, respectively. The resonance frequency of the actuator was near 14 Hz. Mass of load added, inhomogeneity and initial tension significantly affected the resonance frequency of the soft actuator. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical model at zero load. However, due to inhomogeneity, the frequency response function’s plot underlines a poor prediction where the theoretical calculation was far from experimental results as values of load increasing with the average percentage error 15.7%. Hence, it shows the proposed analytical procedure not suitable to provide accurate natural frequency for the DEAP soft actuator.

Conical SNA using fuzzy k-medoids based on user experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002072092098849
Author(s):  
Poonam Rani ◽  
MPS Bhatia ◽  
Devendra K Tayal
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Cone Model ◽  
Intelligent Approach ◽  
Conical Model

The paper presents an intelligent approach for the comparison of social networks through a cone model by using the fuzzy k-medoids clustering method. It makes use of a geometrical three-dimensional conical model, which astutely represents the user experience views. It uses both the static as well as the dynamic parameters of social networks. In this, we propose an algorithm that investigates which social network is more fruitful. For the experimental results, the proposed work is employed on the data collected from students from different universities through the Google forms, where students are required to rate their experience of using different social networks on different scales.

Mechanism of the Transition From In-Plane Buckling to Helical Buckling for a Stiff Nanowire on an Elastomeric Substrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youlong Chen ◽  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Yilun Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stretchable Electronics ◽  
Buckling Mode ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Direction ◽  
Plane Displacement ◽  
Helical Buckling ◽  
Selection Of

In this work, the compressive buckling of a nanowire partially bonded to an elastomeric substrate is studied via finite-element method (FEM) simulations and experiments. The buckling profile of the nanowire can be divided into three regimes, i.e., the in-plane buckling, the disordered buckling in the out-of-plane direction, and the helical buckling, depending on the constraint density between the nanowire and the substrate. The selection of the buckling mode depends on the ratio d/h, where d is the distance between adjacent constraint points and h is the helical buckling spacing of a perfectly bonded nanowire. For d/h > 0.5, buckling is in-plane with wavelength λ = 2d. For 0.27 < d/h < 0.5, buckling is disordered with irregular out-of-plane displacement. While, for d/h < 0.27, buckling is helical and the buckling spacing gradually approaches to the theoretical value of a perfectly bonded nanowire. Generally, the in-plane buckling induces smaller strain in the nanowire, but consumes the largest space. Whereas the helical mode induces moderate strain in the nanowire, but takes the smallest space. The study may shed useful insights on the design and optimization of high-performance stretchable electronics and three-dimensional complex nanostructures.

Research on Transition Zones of Spherical Surface Parts in 3D Rolling Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Da Ming Wang ◽  
Ming Zhe Li ◽  
Zhong Yi Cai
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Spherical Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Spherical Surfaces ◽  
Sheet Width ◽  
Forming Precision ◽  
Roll Gap

3D rolling is a novel technology for three-dimensional surface parts. In this process, by controlling the gap between the upper and lower forming rolls, the sheet metal is non-uniformly thinned in thickness direction, and the longitudinal elongation of the sheet metal is different along the transverse direction, which makes the sheet metal generate three-dimensional deformation. In this paper, the transition zones of spherical surface parts in 3D rolling process are investigated. Spherical surface parts with the same widths but different lengths are simulated in condition of the same roll gap, and their experimental results are presented. The forming precision of forming parts and the causes of transition zones in the head and tail regions are analyzed through simulated results. The simulated and experimental results show that the lengths of transition zones of spherical surfaces in the head and tail regions are fixed values in condition of the same sheet width and roll gap.

Three-Dimensional Vibration Analysis of Twisted Cylinder With Sectorial Cross Section

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zhou ◽  
S. H. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomial ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Twist Angle ◽  
Ritz Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cylindrical Domain ◽  
Linear Elasticity Theory ◽  
Boundary Functions ◽  
Polynomial Series

The three-dimensional (3D) free vibration of twisted cylinders with sectorial cross section or a radial crack through the height of the cylinder is studied by means of the Chebyshev–Ritz method. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional small strain linear elasticity theory. A simple coordinate transformation is applied to map the twisted cylindrical domain into a normal cylindrical domain. The product of a triplicate Chebyshev polynomial series along with properly defined boundary functions is selected as the admissible functions. An eigenvalue matrix equation can be conveniently derived through a minimization process by the Rayleigh–Ritz method. The boundary functions are devised in such a way that the geometric boundary conditions of the cylinder are automatically satisfied. The excellent property of Chebyshev polynomial series ensures robustness and rapid convergence of the numerical computations. The present study provides a full vibration spectrum for thick twisted cylinders with sectorial cross section, which could not be determined by 1D or 2D models. Highly accurate results presented for the first time are systematically produced, which can serve as a benchmark to calibrate other numerical solutions for twisted cylinders with sectorial cross section. The effects of height-to-radius ratio and twist angle on frequency parameters of cylinders with different subtended angles in the sectorial cross section are discussed in detail.

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