On the interaction of NH+4 and Na+ fluxes in the isolated trout gill

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-527
Author(s):  
T. H. Kerstetter ◽  
M. Keeler
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Trout Gill

1. Sodium influx was measured in isolated, previously perfused gill arches of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by measuring incorporation of 22Na into gill tissue following timed exposure to a 1 mM 22NaCl medium. Transport rates approximated those estimated for intact fish and were linear for at least one min. 2. NH4Cl-containing perfusates at pH 7 and 8 stimulated Na+ influx equally, indicating that only ionized ammonia is important in the transport process. A Na+/NH4+ exchange at basal and/or lateral membranes of the transporting cells is suggested. 3. Low-sodium Ringer perfusate augmented Na+ influx; in one group of gills the transport rate was more than double that of NaCl Ringer controls. The increase in transport induced by internal NH4+ was not additive with the low sodium augmentation. A reduction in intracellular (Na+) is postulated as the mechanism operating in both cases. 4. Ouabain had no appreciable effect on Na+ influx, either with or without NH4+ in the perfusate. Diamox partially blocked the augmented Na+ influx induced by NH4+. Amiloride completely inhibited Na+ influx, both with and without NH4+ in the perfusate.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

scholarly journals On the Mechanism of Sodium Extrusion across the Irrigated Gill of Sea Water-Adapted Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard B. Kirschner ◽  
Lewis Greenwald ◽  
Martin Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium Extrusion ◽  
Trout Gill ◽  
Electrical Data

Sodium efflux (JoutNa) across the irrigated trout gill was rapid in sea water (SW), but only about 25 % as large in fresh water (FW). The difference correlated with a change in the potential difference across the gill (TEP). The latter was about +10 mV (blood positive) in SW, but –40 mV in FW. Both flux and electrical data indicated that gills in this fish are permeable to a variety of cations including Na+, K+, Mg2+, choline, and Tris. They are less permeable to anions; PNa:PK:PCl was estimated to be 1:10:0.3, and PCl > Pgluconate. The TEP was shown to be a diffusion potential determined by these permeabilities and the extant ionic gradients in SW, FW as well as in other media. JoutNa appeared to be diffusive in all of the experiments undertaken. Exchange diffusion need not be posited, and the question of whether there is an active component remains open.

Mercury Uptake and Ion Distribution in Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Tissue Scans with an Electron Microprobe

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Mercury Uptake

Mercury was found in gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) which had been exposed to inorganic mercury but not in those exposed to methyl mercury. No specific site for mercury uptake was identified and it is suggested that inorganic mercury enters the gill across the general lamellar surface. High concentrations were found associated with the gill cartilage. Since little ion diffusion occurs during tissue preparation, localization and/or identification of tissues can be accomplished by scans for various elements: sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S). The technique is not suitable for identification of highly volatile compounds such as methyl mercury due to the necessity of subjecting tissues to high vacuum conditions, however, we believe electron probe analyses should be useful in studies of active ion transport systems in gill tissue and in investigations of the effects of heavy metal pollutants on fishes.

An alternative model to study the association of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.) pathogens with the gill tissue

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Decostere ◽  
K. Henckaerts ◽  
R. Ducatelle ◽  
F. Haesebrouck
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Perfusion Model ◽  
Trout Gill ◽  
Branchial Artery

This study describes the development of a trout gill perfusion model, consisting of an excised branchial arch from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss L.), perfused via the afferent branchial artery and suspended in a circular organ chamber filled with Ringer solution. Different perfusion fluids were tested: Ringer, Cortland, Ringer + procaine, Ringer + adrenalin, Cortland + procaine, Cortland + adrenalin and Cortland + dextran 1% . The latter perfusion fluid proved to be satisfactory, maintaining the gill tissue in a healthy condition outside the body of the fish for at least 180 min. Using this model, the interaction of damaging agents with the trout gill tissue may be studied under carefully controlled conditions. The trout gill perfusion model leads effectively to a reduction in the number of experimental animals to be used and also involves an elimination of pain and/or suffering, which is as good as complete.

Tissue Uptake, Subcellular Distribution, and Metabolism of 14CH3HgCl and CH3203HgCl by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Katherine S. Squibb ◽  
Robert J. Cousins
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury In Fish ◽  
Key Words Methylmercury

Uptake, whole tissue, and subcellular distribution of methylmercury (MeHg) by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was studied during, and in three 2-wk intervals following, a single 24-h exposure to 14CH3HgCl and CH3203HgCl. Gel permeation chromatography of cytosol fractions was performed on select tissues. Gills contained approximately 10 times as much MeHg as any other tissue after 24-h exposure whereas concentrations were lowest for brain and skeletal muscle. In the 2-wk period following exposure, gill MeHg concentrations decreased to levels comparable with most other tissues; methylmercury in most other tissues increased and then decreased during the subsequent 4-wk period. Methylmercury levels in brain, skeletal muscle, and gonad were highest at 6 wk. During the 6-wk interval following MeHg exposure, the percent of mercury as inorganic mercury (Hg++) increased in gill, kidney, and liver and to a lesser extent in all other tissues except skeletal muscle. Total MeHg was greatest in cytosol fractions and usually made up from 50 to 80% of the total tissue mercury. In liver cytosol a methylmercury binding metallothionein-like species accounted for up to 40% of the total methylmercury bound. Inorganic mercury (Hg++), probably derived from demethylation of methylmercury, was associated with a metallothionein-like protein detected in gill tissue but no more than 6% of the total mercury in the soluble fraction was bound to this protein(s). Mercury binding to metallothionein-like proteins in kidney and splenic fractions was minimal in spite of relatively large amounts of mercury in the cytosol from these tissues. Metallothionein may act as a binding scavenger for methylmercury and inorganic mercury in fish. Key words: methylmercury, uptake by trout, tissue distribution, subcellular distribution, metallothionein, detoxification

scholarly journals Sodium Efflux and Potential Differences across the Irrigated Gill of Sea Water-Adapted Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Greenwald ◽  
Leonard B. Kirschner ◽  
Martin Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Sodium Extrusion ◽  
Trout Gill

Sodium extrusion (JoutNa) was measured across the gills of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, adapted to sea water (SW) using a gill-irrigation system of small volume. The potential difference (TEP) was also measured under similar conditions. JoutNa was usually between 100–250 µeq (100 g)–1 h–1, about an order of magnitude faster than in fresh water (FW)-adapted trout, but slower than has been reported for any other marine teleost. The TEP was between 10–11 mV, body fluids positive to SW. When the external medium was changed from SW to FW JoutNa was reduced to about 25 % of the initial value, and the TEP was reduced by 40–50 mV (i.e. body fluids negative by 30–40 mV). Addition of either Na+ or K+ in SW concentrations reversed the changes; JoutNa increased and the gill repolarized. The electrical behavior and sodium efflux in irrigated trout gill is qualitatively the same as has been reported for unanaesthetized, free-swimming fish of other species. Thus, the irrigated gill provides an adequate model for studying the mechanism of sodium extrusion in marine teleosts.

scholarly journals On the Mechanisms of Sodium Ion Transport by the Irrigated Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore H. Kerstetter ◽  
Leonard B. Kirschner ◽  
Donald D. Rafuse
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Type Relation ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Na Uptake

Sodium uptake by rainbow trout gills has been investigated with a small-volume system enabling rapid, successive flux measurements in different solutions. Sodium influx obeys a Michaelis-Menten type relation, with a Km of 0.46 mM, and uptake proceeds unimpaired in the absence of penetrating counter-ions. This suggests a coupled cation exchange. Ammonia output is about the same as the Na+ influx when external [Na+] is 1 mM, but at higher or lower Na+ influxes, the correlation does not hold. A progressive downward shift in the pH of the irrigating medium as Na+ influx increases indicates that the exchanging cation is hydrogen. In support of this, acetazolamide, which inhibits Na+ uptake, also prevents the downward pH shift. The potential across the gill is about 10 mv, body fluids positive, in NaCl solutions up to 10 mM, and is little affected by changes in Na+ concentration below that. Finally, evidence for locating the rate-limiting step at the outer membrane of the epithelium is presented.

scholarly journals Characterization of the histologic appearance of normal gill tissue using special staining techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Smith ◽  
Shelley J. Newman ◽  
Matthew P. Coleman ◽  
Charles Alex
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Histologic Appearance ◽  
Storage Products ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Trout Gill

Anatomic pathologists are familiar with stains used in light microscopy to identify cells, storage products, tissue deposits, and pathogens. Assessment of the surrounding tissue with special stains may reveal aspects of interest for the tissue or the species. We illustrate the expected staining characteristics of normal rainbow trout gill tissue with routine hematoxylin and eosin and 18 other histochemical stains.

Gill morphology and sodium influx in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to artificial freshwater environments

1987 ◽  
Vol 241 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Avella ◽  
Armand Masoni ◽  
Michel Bornancin ◽  
Nicole Mayer-Gostan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Gill Morphology ◽  
Freshwater Environments
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