Directional Sensitivity of Saccular Microphonic Potentials in the Haddock

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. ENGER ◽  
A. D. HAWKINS ◽  
O. SAND ◽  
C. J. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Sound Stimulation ◽  
Vibration Direction ◽  
Horizontal Vibration ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Sound Reception

1. Microphonic potentials from the sacculus in the haddock have been recorded by implanted electrodes during horizontal vibration of the fish in air. This gives a good simulation of sound stimulation in water. 2. The microphonic potential amplitude was a function of the vibration angle, and from most recording loci maximal amplitudes were obtained for vibration directions parallel to the long axis of the fish. The sensory cells contributing to this response are therefore most sensitive to displacements in the same direction as sound-induced swimbladder pulsations would produce. This result thus supports the theory of an accessory role of the swimbladder in sound reception. 3. Highest sensitivity to vibration directions other than parallel to the long axis of the fish has been obtained from other recording loci. One example of highest sensitivity to a vibration direction at right angle to the long axis of the fish is presented. 4. The findings that different sensory cells appear to have different axes of maximal sensitivity to vibration provides one possible neurological explanation for the ability of fish to detect the direction to a sound source.

Directional Sensitivity of Microphonic Potentials Form the Perch Ear

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAV SAND
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Sound Stimulation ◽  
Vibration Direction ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
The Difference

1. Microphonic potentials were recorded from the lagena and from different parts of the sacculus in the perch during horizontal and vertical vibration of the fish in air. This stimulation technique gives a good simulation of sound stimulation in water. 2. The lagena was predominantly sensitive to vertical vibrations, whereas the anterior part of the sacculus was equally sensitive to vertical and horizontal vibrations. A gradient is seen along the sacculus, in that the more posterior positions show a tendency towards greater relative vertical sensitivity. By comparing the nervous output from the lagena and from the sacculus the fish might thus get information about the vertical direction of the sound source. 3. The amplitude of the saccular microphonic potentials evoked by horizontal vibrations was a function of the vibration direction. Maximal responses were obtained when this direction deviated about 20° from the long axis of the fish, which is approximately parallel to the long axis of the sacculi. The difference in response between the two ears might be utilized to give directional information about the horizontal position of the sound source. 4. Sound-induced pulsations radiating from the swimbladder will be efficient in evoking saccular microphonic potentials. This causes masking of the difference in response between the two ears, but directional information may still be obtained. It is proposed that the power of angle separation in the horizontal plane should be optimal for sound waves side on to the fish, and that a fish possessing a swimbladder may be able to detect the sound direction with higher accuracy in the vertical than in the horizontal plane. 5. The relative effect in evoking microphonic potentials of vertical compared to horizontal vibrations was frequency dependent, and it is concluded that the pattern of otolith movements during sound stimulation may also change with frequency. This phenomenon constitutes a possible basis for peripheral frequency analysis in fish.

scholarly journals Tingkat Kebisingan dan Perambatan Suara Akibat Bunyi Luar Pada Gereja Masehi Injili Minahasa (GMIM) Kampus Unsrat dan GMIM Bethesda Manado

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Sangkertadi Sangkertadi ◽  
Ronald Manganguwi
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Sound Propagation ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Sound Level Meter ◽  
The Road ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sound Reception ◽  
Level Meter

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi dinding dan arsitektur ruang serta jarak gedung ke jalan terhadap reduksi bising dari luar kedalam bangunan, dan distribusi bunyi yang terjadi. Studi kasus pada 2 gereja yaitu gereja GMIM Kampus Unsrat dan gereja GMIM Bethesda Ranotana di Kota Manado. Sebuah sumber bunyi di letakkan di luar ruang dekat pagar pada jarak 12 m terhadap gedung, dengan kuat bunyi konstan namun bervariasi antara 60 sampai dengan 100 dB dengan tahapan setiap 10 dB. Kuat bunyi dihitung dan diukur pada setiap jarak 2 m diruang luar dan dalam Gereja. Pengukuran menggunakan alat sound level meter. Perhitungan menggunakan teori akustik ruang dan software I_Simpa. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi arsitektur selubung dan ruang bangunan kedua gereja tersebut dalam keadaan kosong hanya mampu mereduksi bising sebesar 2.2 dan 3.7 dB, dengan jendela terbuka. Dengan sumber suara 100 dB di ruang luar, hasil pengukuran di ruang dalam pada kedua gereja mencapai 69.3 dB(A) dan 56.4 dB(A). Rentang bunyi tersebut masih tergolong bising dan belum memenuhi syarat kenyamanan bunyi untuk jenis bangunan ibadah menurut SNI. Visualisasi distribusi bunyi dengan menggunakan software I_Simpa, menunjukkan peran bukaan pintu dan jendela yang menyebabkan kebocoran bunyi kedalam ruangan.Kata kunci: Akustika;  bising; dinding; gereja Noise Level and Sound Propagation Due to Outside Sound at GMIM Church Unsrat Campus and GMIM Bethesda Manado ABSTRACTThis research aims to determine the contribution of walls and architectural interior, and the distance of the building to the road to the reduction of noise from outside into the building as well as the distribution of sound that occurs. Case studies on 2 churches: the GMIM Church of Unsrat Campus and the GMIM Bethesda Ranotana Church, both in Manado City. A sound source was placed outside the room near the fence at 12 m from the building. The sound source was constant but varied from 60 to 100 dB with steps every 10 dB. Sound reception was calculated and measured every 2 m distance at outside and inside. Measurements were carried out using sound level meter. Calculations by acoustic theory and I_Simpa software. The results show that the churches when room is empty, had only able to reduce the noise by 2.2 and 3.7 dB, with opened windows. When a 100 dB sound source was applied, the measurement results in the indoor of the two buildings reached 69.3 dB(A) and 56.4 dB(A). Graphical visualizations of sound distribution by using I_Simpa software, showed the role of door and opened window that cause sound leakage into the room.Keywords: Acoustic; church; noise; wall

Target Detection in a Scenario of Natural Sounds: The Role of Spatial Sound Source Separation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Gunnar Regenbrecht ◽  
Kathrin Lange ◽  
Albertgeorg Lang ◽  
Axel Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Natural Sounds ◽  
Sound Source Separation ◽  
Spatial Sound

MicroRNAs in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and their Regulation by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Forouzanfar ◽  
Samira Asgharzade
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Noise Induced Hearing Loss ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Open Access Journals

Noise exposure (NE) has been recognized as one of the causes of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), which can bring about irreversible damage to sensory hair cells in the cochlea, through the launch of oxidative stress pathways and inflammation. Accordingly, determining the molecular mechanism involved in regulating hair cell apoptosis via NE is essential to prevent hair cell damage. However, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the degeneration of sensory cells of the cochlea during NE has not been so far uncovered. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to demonstrate the regulatory role of miRNAs in the oxidative stress pathway and inflammation induced by NE. In this respect, articles related to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), oxidative stress, inflammation, and miRNA from various databases of Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, PubMed; Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA), and Web of Science were searched and retrieved. The findings revealed that several studies had suggested that up-regulation of miR-1229-5p, miR-451a, 185-5p, 186 and down-regulation of miRNA-96/182/183 and miR-30b were involved in oxidative stress and inflammation which could be used as biomarkers for NIHL. There was also a close relationship between NIHL and miRNAs, but further research is required to prove a causal association between miRNA alterations and NE, and also to determine miRNAs as biomarkers indicating responses to NE.

scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SENSORY HAIRS AND ASSOCIATED ORGANELLES OF THE COCHLEAR INNER HAIR CELL, WITH REFERENCE TO DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY

1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt J. Duvall ◽  
Åke Flock ◽  
Jan Wersäll
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Inner Hair Cell ◽  
Lateral Line Organ ◽  
Sensory Hairs ◽  
Line Organ

From the apical end of the inner hair cell of the organ of Corti in the guinea pig cochlea protrude four to five rows of stereocilia shaped in a pattern not unlike the wings of a bird. In the area devoid of cuticular substance facing toward the tunnel of Corti lies a consistently present centriole. The ultrastructure of this centriole is similar to that of the basal body of the kinocilium located in the periphery of the sensory hair bundles in the vestibular and lateral line organ sensory cells and to that of the centrioles of other cells. The physiological implications of the anatomical orientation of this centriole are discussed in terms of directional sensitivity.

Investigation into the possible role of dolphins' teeth in sound reception

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 3360-3360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Graf ◽  
William M. Megill ◽  
Philippe Blondel ◽  
Sally E. Clift
Keyword(s):  
Sound Reception

Role of stomach in regulation of activities of hypothalamic feeding centers

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Sharma ◽  
B. K. Anand ◽  
S. Dua ◽  
Baldev Singh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Gastric Distention ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Gastric Contractions ◽  
Balloon System

Gastric distention was produced through a water-filled-balloon system and the electrical activity of the hypothalamic "satiety" and "feeding" centers were recorded electroencephalographically through stereotaxically implanted electrodes. Gastric distention leads to production of high voltage irregular waves and occasional spikes, selectively in the region of the satiety centers. Gastric hunger contractions do not change the electrical activity of either feeding or satiety centers. Glucagon does not produce any direct effect on the hypothalamic centers or stomach contractions. Later, when glucagon raises blood glucose and arteriovenous Δ-glucose, activity of satiety centers increases and gastric contractions are inhibited. After lesions of satiety centers, rise in blood glucose with glucagon does not inhibit gastric contractions. Therefore, the inhibition of gastric hunger contractions is a result of activation of satiety centers by increased glucose utilization.

scholarly journals Directional Sensitivity of Neurons in the Primary Auditory (AI) Cortex: Effects of Sound-Source Intensity Level

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 1024-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Reale ◽  
Rick L. Jenison ◽  
John F. Brugge
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Spherical Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Inverse Gaussian ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Gaussian Density

Transient sounds were delivered from different directions in virtual acoustic space while recording from single neurons in primary auditory cortex (AI) of cats under general anesthesia. The intensity level of the sound source was varied parametrically to determine the operating characteristics of the spatial receptive field. The spatial receptive field was constructed from the onset latency of the response to a sound at each sampled direction. Spatial gradients of response latency composing a receptive field are due partially to a systematic co-dependence on sound-source direction and intensity level. Typically, at any given intensity level, the distribution of response latency within the receptive field was unimodal with a range of approximately 3–4 ms, although for some cells and some levels, the spread could be as much as 20 or as little as 2 ms. Response latency, averaged across directions, differed among neurons for the same intensity level, and also differed among intensity levels for the same neuron. Generally, increases in intensity level resulted in decreases in the mean and variance, which follows an inverse Gaussian distribution. Receptive field models, based on response latency, are developed using multiple parameters (azimuth, elevation, intensity), validated with Monte Carlo simulation, and their spatial filtering described using spherical harmonic analysis. Observations from an ensemble of modeled receptive fields are obtained by linking the inverse Gaussian density to the probabilistic inverse problem of estimating sound-source direction and intensity. Upper bounds on acuity is derived from the ensemble using Fisher information, and the predicted patterns of estimation errors are related to psychophysical performance.

Sound Source Identification: The Possible Role of Timbre Transformations

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Handel ◽  
Molly L. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Source Identification ◽  
Wind Instruments ◽  
Spectral Centroid ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
Sound Source Identification ◽  
Perceptual Attribute ◽  
Dimension 2

Timbre is typically investigated as a perceptual attribute that differentiates instruments at one pitch. Yet the perceptual usefulness of timbre is that it allows listeners to recognize one instrument at different pitches. Using stimuli produced across the playing range by three wind instruments from two categories, woodwind and brass, we measured listeners' judgments of instrumental timbre across pitch in a dissimilarity task and measured listeners' ability to identify stimuli as being produced by the same or different instrument in a three-note oddball task. The resulting multidimensional scaling representation showed that Dimension 1 correlated with pitch, whereas Dimension 2 correlated with spectral centroid and separated the instrumental stimuli into the categories woodwind and brass. For three-note sequences, the task was extremely difficult for the woodwind pair, with listeners typically choosing the most dissimilarly pitched stimulus as coming from the oddball source. In contrast, the three-note sequences were easy for the woodwind-brass pairs. The results from these experiments illustrate the difficulty of extrapolating the timbre of a sound source across large differences in pitch.

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