Temperature-Dependence of Permeability to Water and to Sodium of the Gill Epithelium of the Eel Anguilla Anguilla

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MOTAIS ◽  
J. ISAIA
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Sodium Permeability ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Diffusional Permeability

1. The temperature dependence of diffusional permeability to water was studied in freshwater-adapted and seawater-adapted eels. The pattern of temperature acclimation is discussed. 2. The ratio of water permeability to sodium permeability is approximately 3 at 25°C, but falls to 1 at 5°C. This drop is mainly due to a diminution of the water permeability, the temperature coefficients being much higher for water than for sodium. 3. The relatively independent variations of water and sodium permeabilities in the seawater-adapted fish probably indicate a certain dissociation between water movements and salt movements. 4. In the freshwater-adapted eel the osmotic permeability is considerably higher than the diffusional permeability, which supports the previously advanced hypothesis concerning the presence of water-filled channels in the branchial epithelium. 5. In the seawater-adapted eel the osmotic permeability is lower than the diffusional permeability, this difference being greater the lower the temperature. This surprising result must signify either that the osmotic pressure difference between blood and sea water does not represent the true osmotic gradient across the membrane, or that a reabsorption of water linked with a movement of solutes occurs in a specialized region of the gill.

A Study of Diffusional Permeability of Water, Sodium and Chloride in Yolk-Sac Larvae of Cod (Gadus Morhua L.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER TYTLER ◽  
MICHAEL V. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Permeability Coefficients ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Marine Fish Larvae ◽  
Diffusional Permeability ◽  
Previous Hypothesis

1. The fluxes of 3H2O, 22Na and 36Cl were simultaneously measured in yolk-sac larvae of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in 34‰ sea water at 4.5°C. 2. The rates of turnover of all three isotopes were higher than in adult fish. Diffusional permeability coefficients, which relate ion fluxes to surface area, were however lower, indicating that larvae are less permeable than adults. Furthermore, there is close agreement between the diffusional and osmotic permeability coefficients, which supports a previous hypothesis that relatively low drinking rates in marine fish larvae are a consequence of low integumental permeability. 3. Estimates of the sodium and chloride concentrations derived from the equilibrium levels of 22Na, 36Cl and 3H2O indicate that yolk-sac larvae of cod regulate their body fluids hypotonic to sea water. Also, the ionic concentrations of the tissues of yolk-sac cod larvae are similar to those of adults.

The Kinetics of Peripheral Exchanges of Water and Electrolytes in the Silver Eel (Anguilla Anguilla L.) in Fresh Water and in Sea Water

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-512
Author(s):  
R. KIRSCH
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Silver Eel ◽  
Experimental Tank ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Internal Medium ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. New experimental techniques are described for the investigation of water and electrolyte fluxes in the eel by studying the internal medium, the urine and the external medium. An experimental tank made up of two compartments isolates the water containing the head from the water containing the trunk and tail of the animal. The two water circuits are separated by remote control. Measurement can thus be made without handling the eel previously adapted to experimental conditions. 2. The freshwater eel shows low branchial exchanges and low chloride urinary losses. A positive correlation between urinary excretion of water and sodium has been shown. 3. The silver eel's skin is impermeable to water and chlorides. 4. The eel reacts to FW-SW transfer by immediately drinking water. The drinking reflex is therefore not triggered by dehydration due to the osmotic gradient. 5. During SW adaptation the eel presents a transitory hyperactivity phase of the branchial outflux corresponding to plasma hypermineralization. 6. The eel which has been adapted to sea water for 3 weeks shows the lowest chloride exchanges ever recorded among marine teleosts.

Coupling of Transmural Flows of NaCl and Water in the Intestine of the EEl (Anguilla Anguilla)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK SKADHAUGE
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Local Osmosis

1. An in vivo perfusion of the intestine of the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was used to measure the net absorption of NaCl and water, the osmotic permeability coefficient, the solute-linked water flow, and the osmolality difference against which the intestine could transport water as functions of the salinity of the surrounding water. The eels were adapted to fresh water, to sea water, and to 1½ strength sea water. 2. The osmolality difference against which the intestine could transport water was observed to be linearly related to the net transmural flow of NaCl; the solute-linked water flow had a constant hypertonicity in spite of differing net flows of NaCl. The findings are in agreement with the hypothesis of uphill water movement being caused by local osmosis due to the salt flow and with a shunt leak proportional to the transmural osmotic difference. 3. An important part of adaptation to waters of higher salinity is a pronounced increase in the intestinal absorption of NaCl. 4. The osmotic permeability coefficient varied from experiment to experiment without relation to the state of adaptation. An explanation for this finding may be that the osmotic permeability of the intestinal epithelium is of little importance for the total intestinal transfer of water.

scholarly journals Diffusional water permeability of human erythrocytes and their ghosts.

1982 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brahm
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Flow Tube ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Human Red Cells

The diffusional water permeability of human red cells and ghosts was determined by measuring the rate of tracer efflux by means of an improved version of the continuous flow tube method, having a time resolution of 2-3 ms. At 25 degrees C, the permeability was 2.4 x 10(3) and 2.9 x 10(3) cm s-1 for red cells and ghosts, respectively. Permeability was affected by neither a change in pH from 5.5 to 9.5, nor by osmolality up to 3.3 osmol. Manganous ions at an extracellular concentration of 19 mM did not change diffusional water permeability, as recently suggested by NMR measurements. A "ground" permeability of 1 x 10(3) cm s-1 was obtained by inhibition with 1 mM of either p- chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) or p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS). Inhibition increased temperature dependence of water permeability for red cells and ghosts from 21 to 30 kJ mol-1 to 60 kJ mol-1. Although diffusional water permeability is about one order of magnitude lower than osmotic permeability, inhibition with PCMB and PCMBS, temperature dependence both before and after inhibition, and independence of osmolality showed that diffusional water permeability has qualitative features similar to those reported for osmotic permeability, which indicates that the same properties of the membrane determine both types of transport. It is suggested that the PCMB(S)-sensitive permeability above the ground permeability takes place through the intermediate phase between integral membrane proteins and their surrounding lipids.

Requirement of Na+ and K+ for the action of antidiuretic hormone on water permeability

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (5) ◽  
pp. F476-F480 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Bulk Phase ◽  
Toad Bladder ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Unstirred Layers ◽  
Diffusional Permeability ◽  
Full Effect

Previous reports have shown that in the toad bladder the absence of serosal Na+ or K+ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the osmotic permeability (Pf) but not on diffusional permeability (PDW) to water. This dissociation could be due to unstirred layers with low PDW, precluding detection of changes in the PDW of the cells. When serosal Na+ was replaced by choline, Pf (micrometer/s) was inhibited from 201 to 65. In the same conditions, if appropriate corrections were made to allow for the PDW of unstirred layers in the bulk phase and stroma, the PDW (micrometers/s) of the cellular pathway decreased from 19.8 to 15.9. The Pf/PDW ration then became 10 in the presence of serosal Na+ and 11 in its absence. When serosal K+ was deleted Pf decreased from 197 to 127 and PDW (corrected for unstirred layers) from 19.8 to 13.1 The Pf/PDW ratio was 10, both in the presence and absence of serosal K+. In conclusion, it is impossible to estimate the effect of any given experimental manipulation on the ADH-induced increase in PDW and compare it with the effect of Pf unless attention is paid to the restrictions upon measurements of diffusion imposed by unstirred layers. The deletion of Na+ or K+ from the serosa inhibits the effect of ADH on Pf and PDW to the same extent. Therefore, their presence in the serosa is essential for a full effect of ADH on the permeability to water of the apical membrane.

Net Fluxes of Water in the Isolated Gills of Anguilla Dieffenbachii

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-781
Author(s):  
T. J. SHUTTLEWORTH ◽  
R. F. H. FREEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Anguilla Dieffenbachii ◽  
Net Fluxes ◽  
Freshwater Eels ◽  
Net Water Flux

1. Measurements of net flux of water have been made on isolated gills removed from freshwater-adapted and seawater-adapted eels and incubated in various media of differing osmotic pressure. 2. From these measurements it has been possible to determine the osmotic permeability coefficient of the gill directly from the net water flux. The values obtained (0.50±0.14x10-5 cm.sec-1 for freshwater eels and 0.43±0.07x10-5 cm.sec-1 for seawater-adapted eels) indicate that there was no significant change in this parameter on adaptation of the eels to sea water. 3. The direct measurements made of the net water flux across the isolated gills appear to be compatible with the osmoregulatory pattern of eels as deduced by other workers using different techniques. In particular they illustrate and further emphasize the significance of drinking in the freshwater fish. 4. Calculations indicate that, for a freshwater teleost, the osmotic and ionic problems caused by drinking in fresh water have an insignificant energetic effect and hence, energetically, it matters little to the fish whether it drinks or not.

scholarly journals Transalveolar osmotic and diffusional water permeability in intact mouse lung measured by a novel surface fluorescence method.

1996 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
E P Carter ◽  
M A Matthay ◽  
J Farinas ◽  
A S Verkman
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Fluorescence Method ◽  
Molecular Water ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Intact Mouse ◽  
Surface Fluorescence

A surface fluorescence method was developed to measure transalveolar transport of water, protons, and solutes in intact perfused lungs. Lungs from c57 mice were removed and perfused via the pulmonary artery (approximately 2 ml/min). The airspace was filled via the trachea with physiological saline containing a membrane-impermeant fluorescent indicator (FITC-dextran or aminonapthalene trisulfonic acid, ANTS). Because fluorescence is detected only near the lung surface due to light absorption by lung tissue, the surface fluorescence signal is directly proportional to indicator concentration. Confocal microscopy confirmed that the fluorescence signal arises from fluorophores in alveoli just beneath the pleural surface. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured from the time course of intraalveolar FITC-dextran fluorescence in response to changes in perfusate osmolality. Transalveolar Pf was 0.017 +/- 0.001 cm/s at 23 degrees C, independent of the solute used to induce osmosis (sucrose, NaCl, urea), independent of osmotic gradient size and direction, weakly temperature dependent (Arrhenius activation energy 5.3 kcal/mol) and inhibited by HgCl2. Pf was not affected by cAMP activation but was decreased by 43% in lung exposed to hyperoxia for 5 d. Diffusional water permeability (Pd) and Pf were measured in the same lung from intraalveolar ANTS fluorescence, which increased by 1.8-fold upon addition of 50% D2O to the perfusate, Pd was 1.3 x 10(-5) cm/s at 23 degrees C. Transalveolar proton transport was measured from FITC-dextran fluorescence upon switching perfusate pH between 7.4 and 5.6; alveolar pH half-equilibrated in 1.9 and 1.0 min without and with HCO3-, respectively. These results indicate high transalveolar water permeability in mouse lung, implicating the involvement of molecular water channels, and establish a quantitative surface fluorescence method to measure water and solute permeabilities in intact lung.

Progesterone inhibition of water permeability in Bufo arenarum oocytes and urinary bladder

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. F880-F885 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ford ◽  
G. Amodeo ◽  
C. Capurro ◽  
C. Ibarra ◽  
R. Dorr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
Toad Urinary Bladder ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Bufo Arenarum ◽  
Mrna Extraction

The ovarian oocytes from Bufo arenarum (BAO) but not those from Xenopus laevis (XLO) would have water channels (WC). We now report that the injection of the mRNA from BAO into the oocytes from XLO increased their water osmotic permeability (Pi) (reduced by 0.3 mM HgCl2 and reversed by 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol). A 30-min challenge with progesterone induced, 18 h later, a reduction of the mercury-sensitive fraction of Pf in the BAO (but not in XLO). The mRNA from BAO pretreated with progesterone lost its capacity to induce WC in the XLO, but the hormone did not affect the expression of the WC in XLO previously injected with the mRNA from BAO. Pf was also measured in urinary bladders of BAO. Eighteen hours after a challenge with progesterone, a reduction in the hydrosmotic response to oxytocin was observed. Finally, the mRNA from the urinary bladder of BAO was injected into XLO. An increase in Pf was observed. This was not the case if, before the mRNA extraction, the bladders were treated with progesterone. We conclude that the BAO WC share progesterone sensitivity with the oxytocin-regulated water channel present in the toad urinary bladder.

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