Blood Gas Relationships in the Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-711
Author(s):  
F. B. EDDY
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Root Effects ◽  
Dissociation Curves ◽  
Increasing Temperature

1. Oxygen dissociation curves were determined using blood from rainbow trout, acclimated for at least 3 weeks to temperatures of 6, 15 and 20°C. Carbon dioxide tensions in the range 0·3-7 mmHg produced both the Bohr and Root effects in the blood. 2. Increasing temperature, Pco2 and hydrogen ions, whether raised individually or together, caused a decrease in blood O2 affinity (increased value for P50). 3. Blood at low temperatures had a higher pH than blood at high temperatures. This is related to the fact that the ionization constant of water is diminished with decreasing temperature. When blood was 50% saturated and Pco2 was 1 mmHg, the pH value was 8·25 at 6°C, 7·83 at 15°C and 7·62 at 20°C. 4. The factors influencing unloading of oxygen from the blood are discussed. To release the same amount of oxygen from blood, a greater change in carbon dioxide tension is required at 6°C than at higher temperatures. 5. The Bohr effect expressed quantitatively (Δ log P50/Δ pH) was -0·54 at 6°C, -0·57 at 15°C and -0·59 at 20°C. These values are similar to those for the blood of many mammals, and are within the range reported for fish, where whole blood has been used.

Oxygen Dissociation Curves of the Blood of the Tench, Tinca Tinca

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-293
Author(s):  
F. B. EDDY
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ionization Constants ◽  
Tinca Tinca ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Tench Tinca Tinca ◽  
Dissociation Curves ◽  
Increasing Temperature

1. Oxygen dissociation curves of tenth (Tinca tinca) blood were constructed for fish which had been acclimated to 5, 13 or 20°C for at least 3 weeks. 2. Compared to the blood of an active fish such as the rainbow trout tenth blood has a high affinity for oxygen; at 13°C and a PCOCO2 of 2-3 mmHg the blood was half saturated with oxygen at a POO2 of 4 mmHg. 3. Increasing temperature, increasing PCOCO2 and increasing hydrogen ion concentration decreased the oxygen affinity of the blood. 4. At low temperatures the blood had an elevated pH value compared to blood at high temperatures. This is discussed in terms of the temperature dependence of ionization constants, in particular that of water. 5. The Bohr effect and the factors influencing the loading and unloading tensions of oxygen in tenth blood are discussed. The role of the blood in respiration and some properties of fish haemoglobins are also discussed.

Transcutaneous carbon dioxide and oxygen tension measured at different temperatures in healthy adults.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1611-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Wimberley ◽  
K Grønlund Pedersen ◽  
J Olsson ◽  
O Siggaard-Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽  
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (tc-pco2) at 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45 degrees C, and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-po2) at 41, 43, and 45 degrees C were measured simultaneously in 10 healthy adults during hyperventilation and inhalation of O2/CO2 gas. Nine electrodes were applied to each subject: Five CO2 electrodes, one O2 electrode, and three combined O2/CO2 electrodes. The CO2 electrodes had negligible temperature coefficients in the calibration gases, but the O2 electrodes showed an increase in po2 of 4.5% per degree C. With skin application, tc-pco2 increased approximately 4% per degrees C between 37 and 45 degrees C, which is close to the anaerobic temperature coefficient of pco2 in blood. The tc-po2 increases on the skin with increasing temperature appeared to be more dependent on changes in blood flow in skin, but in the temperature range 43 to 45 degrees C, tc-po2 showed the expected decrease in the temperature coefficient with increasing po2. The correlation between transcutaneous and capillary pco2 was close at all transcutaneous electrode temperatures, even 37 degrees C, provided the skin was preheated (via the electrode) to 45 degrees C. For tc-po2, an electrode temperature of at least 43 degrees C was necessary to produce a reasonable correlation between tc-po2 and capillary po2. The combined O2/CO2 electrodes measured slightly higher pco2 values than the single CO2 electrodes, but there were no differences in po2 readings, stabilization time, imprecision, or electrode drift between the two electrode types. The imprecision (CV, %) of tc-pco2 and tc-po2 measurements was approximately twice that of the corresponding capillary blood-gas measurements.

scholarly journals The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
M. S. Haswell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Co2 Excretion

1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of the Respiration of Six Species of Fish From Uganda

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-195
Author(s):  
G. R. FISH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Dissociation Curves

The oxygen dissociation curves of the haemoglobin of six species of fish from Uganda, and the effect of 25 mm. Hg of carbon dioxide on them are presented graphically. The fish were selected from habitats varying widely in contents of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. The ecology of these species is correlated with differences in the shape and slope of the curve. Records of fish mortalities in Lakes Albert and Victoria are examined in the light of the new data available and suggestions as to the causes are put forward.

pHi, contractility and Ca-balance under hypercapnic acidosis in the myocardium of different vertebrate species

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-412
Author(s):  
H. Gesser ◽  
E. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Negative Inotropic Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inotropic Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hypercapnic Acidosis ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Intracellular Ca

The influence of hypercapnic acidosis upon the heart was examined in four vertebrate species. The CO2 in the tissue bath was increased from 2.7 to 15% at 12 degrees C for flounder (Platichthys flesus) and cod (Gadus morhua) and from 3 to 13% at 22 degrees C for turtle (Pseudemys scripta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). During hypercapnia, as previously described, there was a decline and recovery of contractility in heart strips of flounder and turtle, and a sustained decrease in cod and rainbow trout. At high CO2 the increase in contractile force following increases in the extracellular Ca-concentration were smaller for the cod myocardium than for the other myocardia. The intracellular pH (pHi), measured with the DMO method, in heart strips of turtle and trout was significantly lower at high than at low CO2. This acidifying effect expressed as the increase in the intracellular concentration of hydrogen ions was larger in the turtle than in the trout myocardium. Intracellular Ca-activity, measured by efflux of 45Ca from preloaded heart strips, was unaffected by high CO2 in trout, but was raised in the other three species. Thus the ability to counteract the negative inotropic effect of hypercapnia is apparently not due to cellular buffering or extrusion of hydrogen ions. More probably it involves (a) a release of intracellular Ca; (b) a positive inotropic effect of an increase in intracellular Ca-activity.

Physiological disturbances in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during acid and aluminum exposures in soft water of two calcium concentrations

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Playle ◽  
Greg G. Goss ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water System ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Respiratory Toxicity

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fitted with dorsal aortic cannulae were exposed in a flow-through soft water system to three acidities (pH 5.2, 4.8, or 4.4) and two concentrations of Ca (45 or 410 μequiv.∙L−1), in the presence (105 μg∙L−1) or absence of Al. Blood was sampled for respiratory gases, ions, metabolites, and hematology before and at 4, 18, 28, 42, and 66 h exposure. Two toxic mechanisms of Al and acidity were seen: (i) ionoregulatory toxicity, which was caused by Al at pH 5.2 and 4.8 and by acidity at pH 4.4, and (ii) respiratory toxicity, which was caused solely by Al, and was greatest at higher pH. Ionoregulatory toxicity involved decreases in plasma Na+ and Cl−, red cell swelling, and hemoconcentration. Respiratory toxicity involved reduced blood oxygen tension, elevated blood carbon dioxide tension, and increases in blood lactate. Blood acidosis was a combination of respiratory acidosis (due to CO2 accumulation in the blood; higher pH exposures) and metabolic acidosis (probably due to differential Na+ and Cl− loss into the external, acidic environment; lower pH exposures). Higher water Ca reduced ionoregulatory disturbances due to acidity alone but not those due to Al at higher pH. Higher water Ca also reduced respiratory disturbances at lower pH but not at higher pH. The results are discussed with reference to the chemistry of Al and changes in the gill epithelium associated with acid and Al exposure.

Blood Oxygen Dissociation Characteristics of the Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1539-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Hayden ◽  
Joseph J. Cech Jr. ◽  
David W. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Small Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Root Effects ◽  
Dissociation Curves ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Oxygen dissociation curves were determined for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) blood at 5, 10, and 15 C, and [Formula: see text], 8, and 24 mm Hg. Half-saturation tensions (P50’s) and blood oxygen capacities were measured and showed significant Bohr and Root effects. Calculations of Hill’s constant, n, implied no heme-heme interaction in the flounder hemoglobin. The apparent heat of oxygenation, ΔH, was calculated to be smaller than that in most teleostean hemoglobins. This small temperature effect, together with the modest slope of the hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curves, indicate a capacity to live in waters exhibiting a fairly broad range of temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations.

PRE- AND POSTBRANCHIAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) BLOOD AFTER CATECHOLAMINE INJECTION

1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
M. Nikinmaa ◽  
L. Vihersaari
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Co2 Excretion

It is generally accepted that plasma bicarbonate is the major source of carbon dioxide excreted in the gills of teleost fish (Perry, 1986). Although anion exchange across the membrane of rainbow trout erythrocytes is rapid, with a half-time of 0.8 s for chloride equilibration at 15 °C (Romano and Passow, 1984), the rate of bicarbonate influx into the erythrocytes limits the rate of conversion of plasma bicarbonate to carbon dioxide and, thereby, carbon dioxide excretion per unit volume of blood in gills, because the residence time of blood in the secondary lamellae of the gills is only 1–6 s (Hughes et al. 1981; Bhargava et al. 1992). Thus, factors that reduce the net rate of bicarbonate influx through the anion exchanger may reduce the efficiency of carbon dioxide excretion in gills. The effect is, however, temporary. If carbon dioxide production remains constant, the reduction of carbon dioxide excretion will increase the venous carbon dioxide tension and content, thus increasing the diffusion gradient across the gills and speeding up CO2 removal until the CO2 excretion again matches production.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document