Motor Performances of Some Cephalopods

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. TRUEMAN ◽  
A. PACKARD
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Single Jet

1. Recordings have been made of the pressures in the mantle cavity of some coastal cephalopods, both at rest and while swimming, under conditions as near normal as possible. Pressures of up to 180 cm. of water were developed by Sepia officinalis (250 g. weight), 300 cm. by Loligo vulgaris (350 g.) 170 cm. by Octopus vulgaris (370 g.) and 400 cm. by Eledone moschata (600 g.). 2. The momentum produced by the efflux of the jet of water from the mantle cavity was recorded on an isometric myograph, attached to the head of the animal by a thread, as a tension. The swimming tensions, derived from maximum jet pressures, were in general equivalent to the body weight in Loligo, Sepia and Eledone but in Octopus never exceeded half body weight. 3. In Octopus, however, the arms are powerfully developed and, using five arms for attachment to the side of the tank, they can exert holding tensions of up to 100 times their body weight. In an Octopus of 1 g. body weight this is equivalent to a tension of 2 kg./cm.2 in the longitudinal muscle at the base of the arms. 4. Comparisons of the tensions and pressures obtained in simultaneous recordings during jet swimming showed, that, with the exception of Octopus, the tension developed is generally equal to twice the cross sectional area of the jet multiplied by the pressure. 5. The theoretical maximal velocity for a single jet cycle in Loligo and Eledone was in accord with observed velocities and the much lower theoretical velocity of Octopus is discussed.

scholarly journals PO-155 Comparison of effects of different exercise modes on rat gastrocnemius muscle

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Liu ◽  
Nianyun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross

Objective   To explore the effects of different exercise patterns on gastrocnemius weight. Methods   Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were quiet control group (Con), continuous exercise group (CE), high-intensity intermittent exercise group (HIIT) and ladder exercise group (LE). After 8 weeks of exercise training, each group was anesthetized and samples were collected for testing. The body weight and gastrocnemius weight of each group were recorded. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of ​​gastrocnemius muscle was observed by HE staining. The levels of MSTN and insulin in serum were detected by ELISA. The expressions of MSTN, IGF1 and p70S6K in rat gastrocnemius muscle were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with group Con, the body weights of the three exercise groups were significantly lower, and the weight of the gastrocnemius muscles in group CE was significantly lower. Morphological observation of gastrocnemius showed that the cross-sectional area of ​​the gastrocnemius muscle in group CE was significantly decreased, compared with group Con, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the gastrocnemius muscle in group LE was significantly increased. There was no significant change in the cross-sectional area of ​​the gastrocnemius muscle in group HIIT. The ELISA results showed that serum GDF8 levels were significantly decreased in the three exercise groups compared with group Con, while the insulin levels were not significantly changed. Compared with group Con, the expression of GDF8 protein in the gastrocnemius muscle of the group LE was significantly decreased, while the protein expression of IGF1 and P70S6K was significantly increased. The protein expression of the gastrocnemius P70S6K in group CE was also significantly increased. Conclusions   Although the three exercise modes can significantly reduce the body weight of rats, only HIIT and LE improve the gastrocnemius muscle mass index. CE significantly reduced the body weight and cross-sectional area of ​​the gastrocnemius muscle. Although the protein expression of P70S6K was increased, there was no significant effect on the protein expression of GDF8 and IGF1. Ladder movement may increase the gastrocnemius cross-sectional area by reducing MSTN and increasing protein expression of IGF1 and P70S6K.

scholarly journals Early life undernutrition in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bedi ◽  
A. R. Birzgalis ◽  
M. Mahon ◽  
J. L. Smart ◽  
A. C. Wareham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Proportion ◽  
Fibre Number

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.

scholarly journals The Accuracy of Broselow Tape Weight Estimate among Pediatric Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turki M. AlHarbi ◽  
Abdullaziz AlGarni ◽  
Fasial AlGamdi ◽  
Mona Jawish ◽  
Tariq Ahmad Wani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Medical City

Objective.To determine the accuracy of the Broselow Tape (BT) versions 2007 and 2011 in estimating weight among pediatric population.Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Fahad Medical City and six schools across Riyadh province on 1–143-month-old children. BT 2007 and 2011 estimated weights were recorded. Both tapes via the child’s height produce an estimated weight, which was compared with the actual weight.Results.A total of 3537 children were recruited. The height (cm) of the subjects was97.7±24.1and the actual weight (kg) was16.07±8.9, whereas the estimated weight determined by BT 2007 was15.87±7.56and by BT 2011 was16.38±7.95. Across all the five age groups, correlation between actual weight and BT 2007 ranged between 0.702 and 0.788, while correlation between actual weight and BT 2011 ranged between 0.698 and 0.788. Correlation between BT 2007 and BT 2011 across all the five age groups ranged from 0.979 to 0.989. Accuracy of both the tape versions was adversely affected when age was >95 months and body weight was >26 kilograms.Conclusions.Our study showed that BT 2007 and 2011 provided accurate estimation of the body weight based on measured body height. However, 2011 version provided more precise estimate for weight.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

The Vertical Mean Force and Moment of Submerged Bodies Under Waves

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Lee ◽  
J. N. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Added Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

A neutrally buoyant slender body of arbitrary sectional form, submerged beneath a free surface, is free to respond to an incident plane progressive wave system. The fluid is assumed inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous and infinitely deep. The first-order oscillatory motion of the body and the second-order time-average vertical force and pitching moment acting on the body are obtained in terms of Kochin's function. By use of slender-body theory for a deeply submerged body, the final expressions for the mean force and the moment are shown to depend on the longitudinal distribution of sectional area and added mass and on the amplitude and the frequency of the ambient surface waves. The magnitude of the mean force for various simple geometric cylinders is compared with that of a circular cylinder of equal cross-sectional area. The mean force on a nonaxisymmetric body is often approximated by replacing the section with circular profiles of equivalent cross-sectional area. A better scheme of approximation is presented, based on a simple way of estimating the two-dimensional added mass. It is expected that the effect of the cross-sectional geometry on mean vertical force and moment will be more significant when the body is very close to the free surface.

The relationship between cirral activity and oxygen uptake in Balanus balanoides

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Newell ◽  
H. R. Northcroft
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Zero Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

The rate of cirral beat of Balanus balanoides is related to the logarithm of the body weight as an exponential function. In any one animal, there is little effect of temperature on cirral activity between 7·5° and 10° C. Between 10° and 20° C, however, there is a rapid increase in cirral beat with temperature followed by a fall at temperatures above 20° C.Balanus balanoides exhibits a fast, medium and zero rate of oxygen consumption. These rates of oxygen consumption correspond with (a) normal cirral beating, (b) ‘testing’ activity with no cirral movement, and (c) with the closure of the mantle cavity. Both of the possible levels of oxygen uptake are related to the logarithm of the body weight in a logarithmic fashion over the temperature range 7·5°–22·5° C. Temperature affects the two rates of oxygen consumption differently. In the slower rate (rate B) there is an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption between 7·5° and 14° C but there is no significant increase in the rate of oxygen consumption between 14° and 22·5 C°.

CFD Solution of a Two-Canopy Parachute in a Top-to-Top Formation With a Vent of Air From One of Its Canopy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

A CFD study of a 3 Dimensional flow field around two bodies (Two Canopies of a Parachutes) as two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid (Air) is modeled here. Formations of these two bodies are top-to-top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. One canopy with a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex, and the other with a variable cross sectional area with no vent is studied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple radius of the body with a vent on it. The flow condition is considered to be 3-D, unsteady, turbulent, and incompressible. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, cross sectional area, and also vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. The drag forces with static pressures around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag coefficient is constant on the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratio and it decreases for higher vent ratios for when the upper parachute is smaller than the lower one, and it increases for when the upper parachute is larger than the lower one. Both Steady and Unsteady cases gave similar results especially when the distance between the canopies is increased.

Changes in the human muscle force-velocity relationship in response to resistance training and subsequent detraining

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars L. Andersen ◽  
Jesper L. Andersen ◽  
S. Peter Magnusson ◽  
Charlotte Suetta ◽  
Jørgen L. Madsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Limb Movement ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Type I ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area

Previous studies show that cessation of resistance training, commonly known as “detraining,” is associated with strength loss, decreased neural drive, and muscular atrophy. Detraining may also increase the expression of fast muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. The present study examined the effect of detraining subsequent to resistance training on contractile performance during slow-to-medium velocity isokinetic muscle contraction vs. performance of maximal velocity “unloaded” limb movement (i.e., no external loading of the limb). Maximal knee extensor strength was measured in an isokinetic dynamometer at 30 and 240°/s, and performance of maximal velocity limb movement was measured with a goniometer during maximal unloaded knee extension. Muscle cross-sectional area was determined with MRI. Electromyographic signals were measured in the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Twitch contractions were evoked in the passive vastus lateralis muscle. MHC isoform composition was determined with SDS-PAGE. Isokinetic muscle strength increased 18% ( P < 0.01) and 10% ( P < 0.05) at slow and medium velocities, respectively, along with gains in muscle cross-sectional area and increased electromyogram in response to 3 mo of resistance training. After 3 mo of detraining these gains were lost, whereas in contrast maximal unloaded knee extension velocity and power increased 14% ( P < 0.05) and 44% ( P < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, faster muscle twitch contractile properties along with an increased and decreased amount of MHC type II and MHC type I isoforms, respectively, were observed. In conclusion, detraining subsequent to resistance training increases maximal unloaded movement speed and power in previously untrained subjects. A phenotypic shift toward faster muscle MHC isoforms (I → IIA → IIX) and faster electrically evoked muscle contractile properties in response to detraining may explain the present results.

scholarly journals Analysis of the actual nutrition of the female population of Novosibirsk, depending on the magnitude of the glycemic index of their diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr K. Kuntsevich ◽  
Svetlana V. Mustafina ◽  
Evgenii G. Verevkin ◽  
Liliia V. Shcherbakova ◽  
Oksana D. Rymar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population

Background. When choosing foods rich in carbohydrates, it is important to consider not only their chemical composition, but also the ability to influence the level of postprandial blood glucose (glycemic response). A qualitative indicator of this ability is the glycemic index (GI) of a carbohydrate-containing product. Recently, there have been some evidences that control of GI nutrition can be important for prevention and nutrition therapy of metabolic disorders. Aim. To determine of the magnitude of the glycemic index (GI) of actual nutrition in women in Novosibirsk, and the study of the connection with metabolism and obesity. Material and methods. The study was designed as cross-sectional research and was carried out within the framework of the international HAPIEE project on a random representative sample of the unorganized population of Novosibirsk, 4397 women, the average age was 57.7 7.1, without diabetes. For the calculation of GI nutrition, the International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load (2008) were used. The frequency method was used to evaluate the actual nutrition. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) criteria were used in accordance with the Russian National Recommendations of the GEF (2009), as well as with the international recommendations of NCEP ATP III (2001) and JIS (2009). Statistical processing of data was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 software package (Bonferroni criterion in the GLM procedure). The odds ratio (OR) was estimated using binary logistic regression in quartiles of the glycemic index. Differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05. Results. The GI of women's nutrition was on average low and amounted to 53.1 units. In the quartiles of the GI OR, the MS for all the criteria used was not significantly different. In the quartiles of the body mass index (BMI) in women with GI in the group with normal body weight (BMI = 23.3 kg/m2) was significantly higher by 0.9 units (p 0.001) compared with the obese group (BMI = 37.3 kg/m2). The diet was unbalanced and did not meet the recommendation in all groups of women studied. It was noted a significant reduction in the group with obesity 1.6 times the value of total caloric intake per 1 kg of body weight. Conclusions. Nutrition of women in Novosibirsk is unbalanced, with increased consumption of fat and inadequate intake of carbohydrates. The GI value is close to the GI nutrition of the population of European countries. The presence of a connection between the GI nutrition of women with a metabolic disorder in the sample of the population was not established.

scholarly journals PARENTS BODY SHAPE PROFILE AND OVERWEIGHT AMONG STUDENTS AT SINGKAWANG ADVENTIST SCHOOL

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Sultan Fredyansyah Bagaskara Djula ◽  
Sapti Widyarti Djula
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Introduction: When both parents are obesity, thus the children are 80% potentially become overweight or obesity. If one of the parent is overweight or obesity, thus the children are 40% potentially to become overweight or obesity. The purpose of the study is to analyze is there any significant relationship between parents’ body shape with overweight among students at Singkawang Adventist School.  Method: The method of the study is descriptive with quantitative method and the cross sectional design. Sampling technique is total sampling among the overweight students. Number of respondens are 35 persons which have been measure body height, body weight and determined Body Mass Index (BMI). Data processing using SPSS Program.  Result: The results of the study show that the status of overweight students is obesity and parents’ body shape are overweight (there is no significant relationship between obesity in adolescents with the body shape of the father with a significance of (0.086) with a ρ value> 0.05 as well as no significant relationship between obesity in adolescents with the body shape of their mothers, with a significance of  (0.411) with ρ value> 0.005). There is no significant relationship between overweight students with parents’ body shape. There is not enough evidence to refuse null hypothesis.  Disscussion: Recommendation are given to Singkawang Adventist School Students in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and give effort to reduce body weight. To the next researcher to do research with bigger sample size.   Keywords : overweight, obesity, Body Mass Index(BMI), body shape 

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