The Formation of Urine by the Prosobranch Gastropod Mollusc Viviparus Viviparus Linn

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
C. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Gastropod Mollusc ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Viviparus Viviparus ◽  
Pericardial Pressure

1. The urine of Viviparus is hypotonic to the blood by about 30 mM./l. NaCl in tap water, and remains hypotonic in concentrations of up to 10% sea water. 2. The rate of production of urine is between 0·25 and 0·91 µl./g./min. in tap water at 19° C. The rate decreases in proportion to the decrease in osmotic difference between blood and external medium. Viviparus may be able to detect changes in salt concentration of the external medium and alter its rate of urine production accordingly. 3. Pericardial fluid is similar to blood in composition; the rate of flow of pericardial fluid through the reno-pericardial canal is proportional to the blood pressure; and when inulin is injected into the blood, concentrations in blood and pericardial fluid are approximately the same. For these reasons it is supposed that blood is filtered through the heart into the pericardium. 4. About 20 mM./l. NaCl, and probably some water, are reabsorbed in the kidney. Liquid is passed through the kidney by rhythmic contractions of the kidney musculature. Pericardial pressure does not influence the overall rate of urine production but blood pressure does have an effect. 5. About 5 mM./ NaCl, and probably a little water, are reabsorbed in the ureter.

Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Prosobranch Gastropod Mollusc, Viviparus Viviparus Linn

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
C. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Gastropod Mollusc ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Viviparus Viviparus ◽  
Inorganic Composition ◽  
The Mean

1. The inorganic composition of the blood of Viviparus has been examined. The mean Δ is 40·9 mM./l. NaCl, and the blood Contains 34 mM./l. sodium, 1·2 mM./l. potassium, 5·7 mM./l. calcium, 31 mM./l. chloride, and 11 mM./ bicarbonate. The pH is 7·73. 2. When the concentration of the external medium is increased, Δ of the blood increases and in 20% sea water the blood is isosmotic with the external medium. Chloride is maintained in lower concentration in the blood than in the external medium. 3. The minimum concentrations of the external medium at which Viviparus can come to equilibrium are 0·006 mM./l sodium and 0.20 mM./l calcium. 4. After washing-out in de-ionized water Δ of the blood can be reduced to half its normal value. Chloride is reduced to about 5 mM./l. and is to some extent replaced by bicarbonate. 5. The ionic composition of the opercular muscle has been analysed. Much calcium is held in solid concretions. The ratios of internal:external potassium and chloride do not appear to obey a Donnan equilibrium. This matter is discussed. 6. The possibility is discussed that the concentration of amino acids in the cells increases when Δ of the blood is increased.

Ionic Regulation in the Palaemonid Prawn Palaemon (=Leander) Serratus

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PARRY
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Antennal Gland

1. Analyses have been made of the blood and urine of Palaemon serratus for the inorganic ions Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4 the animals being kept in 50, 100 and 120% sea water. 2. When the animal is in 100% sea water the concentrations of ions in the blood, expressed as percentages of their concentrations in the medium (to the nearest 5%) are as follows: Na, K and Cl, 85% Ca, 105% Mg, 20% SO4 10%. 3. When the animal is in 50% sea water the corresponding figures are: Na and Cl, 105%K, 120%; Ca, 200%; Mg, 20%; SO4 10%. 4. When the animal is in 120% sea water the corresponding figures are: Na, K and Cl, 85% Ca, 115% Mg, 30% SO4 20%. 5. The concentrations of Na, K and Ca in the urine are always slightly (≤20%) less than their concentrations in the blood. The concentration of Cl is slightly greater in the urine than in the blood (10-20%) and the concentrations of Mg and SO4 are very much greater, by factors of up to 7 times. The relative concentrations of ions blood and urine do not change substantially with changes in the external medium. 6. The antennal gland, although it plays no part in purely osmotic regulation, is no doubt partly responsible for maintaining the low blood concentrations of Mg and SO4.

Urine Production by the Antennal Glands of Palaemonetes Varians (Leach)

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-422
Author(s):  
GWYNETH PARRY
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Antennal Glands

1. Four methods for estimating the rate of urine flow in Palaemonetes varians are described. 2. The rate is minimal when the external medium is approximately isotonic with the blood. All methods indicate that the rate increases progressively with increasing dilution of the external medium below 50% sea water. There is some evidence to suggest that the rate increases in hypertonic external media. 3. These results are discussed in relation to estimates of the urine production in some other Crustacea and in relation to the ecology of the genus Palaemonetes.

scholarly journals Effect of intravenous oxycodone on the physiologic responses to extubation following general anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menglu Jiang ◽  
Jiawei Ji ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Zhenqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Blood Hormones

Abstract Background Endotracheal intubation and extubation may cause undesirable hemodynamic changes. Intravenous oxycodone has recently been introduced and used for relieving hemodynamic alterations in response to intubation, but there is insufficient information regarding its application in stabilizing hemodynamics during extubation in the patients emerging from general anesthesia. Methods One hundred patients, who had undergone assorted laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to Control group (saline injection, 50 cases) and Study group (intravenous injection of 0.08 mg/kg oxycodone immediately after completion of the surgical procedure, 50 cases). Blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) as well as blood concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were recorded or measured immediately before extubation (T0), during extubation (T1), as well as one minute (T2), 5 min (T3), and 10 min after extubation (T4). In addition, coughing and restlessness, time of eye-opening, and duration from completing surgery to extubation as well as Ramsay Sedation Scale were analyzed. Results Blood pressure and heart rate as well as blood concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly higher in the Control group compared with the Study group at the time of extubation as well as 1, 5, and 10 min after extubation (P < 0.05). When the patients emerged from general anesthesia, 70 % of the Control group had cough, which was significantly higher than that of Study group (40 %, P < 0.05). Significantly higher number of patients manifested restlessness in the Control group before (40 %) and after extubation (20 %) compared with that in the Study group (20 and 2 %, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, patients of Control group had lower Ramsay score at extubation (1.7 ± 0.7) as well as 30 min after extubation (2.4 ± 0.9) compared to that of the patients of Study group (2.2 ± 0.9, and 3.0 ± 0.8, respectively, P = 0.003 and 0.001). Conclusions Intravenous oxycodone attenuated alterations of hemodynamics and blood hormones associated with extubation during emergence from general anesthesia. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000040370 (registration date: 11-28-2020) “‘retrospectively registered”.

The Effects of Salinity on Herring After Metamorphosis

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. T. Holliday ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
Blood Concentrations

The salinity tolerance of herring 9-ca 24 cm in length was found to lie between 6‰0 and 40–45‰0.Determinations of changes in weight and blood concentration (by measurement of the freezing-point), when herring were transferred from one salinity to another, demonstrated that extensive changes occurred in the blood. Under these conditions the herring experienced and survived blood concentrations equivalent to salinites of 13–22·5‰. A recovery to near normal (δ0·95 ≡ 15·8‰) took place in all the salinities within the tolerance range.Badly descaled herring in sea water showed large increases in blood concentration before death.A study of the kidney of the herring indicated that the ability to withstand the low salinities for long periods probably rested in the high glomerular count of the kidney.The importance of damage to the skin for survival is discussed in relation to tagging experiments.The results are also discussed in relation to the evolution of the herring.

Abstract P196: Effect of Combined Oral Intake of Ginger Extract and Rice Vinegar on Blood Pressure with 2-kidney,1-clip Renovascular Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Saito ◽  
Yukiko Segawa ◽  
Saki Maruyama ◽  
Ayuna Yamaoka ◽  
Hiroko Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
No Production ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor ◽  
Enos Mrna ◽  
Rice Vinegar

Objective: Ginger is widely used as traditional Asian herbal medicine. Ginger has the same pungent ingredient as chili and vanillyl. We showed that administration of capsaicin to renovascular hypertension (RH) model rats increased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression and NO production, and suppressed blood pressure (BP). Traditionally in Japan, ginger is pickled and eaten. Ginger and vinegar each are supposed to have an effect of suppressing an increase in BP in RH rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6wks) were treated with sham operation (SHAM) as controls or clipping the left renal artery (2K1C) as RH model. After surgery, the rats started receiving a control diet (C) or a diet with 0.08% (w/w) of Ginger Extract (GE) for 6 weeks, and a tap water (W) or a water with 4.5% (v/v) rice vinegar (V). The systolic BP (SBP) was measured by a tail-cuff method every week. At the end of the protocol, the mean arterial BP (MAP) was measured under anesthesia. Then, the aortas were removed for extracting mRNA. mRNA for angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2 ) and eNOS was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Results: Through the experiment period, SBP was significantly effects in time, model (SHAM vs 2K1C), diet (C vs GE) , timeхanimal ( P <0.001, each) and water (W vs V) ( P <0.05). At the end of the protocol, 2K1C-C+W was higher in SBP than SHAM-C+W (176 ± 6 vs 138 ± 1 mmHg, P <0.05). 2K1C-GE+W showed lower SBP (150 ± 2 mmHg) than -C+W ( P <0.05). SBP was not significantly different in 2K1C-GE+V (149 ± 4mmHg) from in -GE+W. The observations in MAP were similar to those in SBP. AT 2 R mRNA expression showed significant effects in model ( P <0.05) : the mRNA in 2K1C-C+W (0.9 ± 0.2) was significantly greater than in SHAM-C+W (0.4 ± 0.1) ( P <0.05). There were no significant differences among the 2K1Cs: -C+W, -C+V (0.9 ± 0.1), -GE+W (0.8 ± 0.1) and -GE+V (0.9 ± 0.2). eNOS mRNA expression showed significant effects only in diet (CTL vs GE, P <0.05), but not in water and any interactions. Conclusion: Continuous ingestion of GE and V may suppress BP increase in 2K1C, respectively. Simultaneous ingestion of GE and V showed no enhanced effects compared to GE or V solo ingestion in 2K1C. The roles of eNOS and AT 2 R in the mechanism did not become clear in this study.

The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
T. J. Bradley ◽  
J. E. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.

The opening response of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to rising sea-water concentrations

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Medium Exchange ◽  
Mantle Edge

When exposed to water of low salinity specimens of Mytilus edulis L. keep their shell valves tightly closed; they do not gape periodically to test the external medium. Exchange of salts and water between the mantle cavity and the environment is thus minimized. Rising salinities are registered by diffusion of salts to the tentaculate portion of the inhalent siphon and not to any other portion of the mantle edge or to any more deeply located structures.

scholarly journals Methadone, Buprenorphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, and Tramadol in Multiple Postmortem Matrices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Marie Havig ◽  
Vigdis Vindenes ◽  
Åse Marit Leere Øiestad ◽  
Sidsel Rogde ◽  
Cecilie Hasselø Thaulow
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Alternative Matrices ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Peripheral blood concentrations are generally preferred for postmortem toxicological interpretation, but some autopsy cases may lack blood for sampling due to decomposition or large traumas etc. In such cases, other tissues or bodily fluids must be sampled; however, limited information exists on postmortem concentrations in matrices other than blood. Pericardial fluid, muscle, and vitreous humor have been suggested as alternatives to blood, but only a few studies have investigated the detection of opioids in these matrices. In this study, we aimed to investigate the detection of methadone, buprenorphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and tramadol in postmortem samples of pericardial fluid, skeletal muscle, and vitreous humor, in addition to peripheral and cardiac blood; and if drug concentrations in these alternative matrices were comparable to those in peripheral blood, and thereby useful for interpretation. In most of the 54 included cases, only one opioid was detected. Methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl, and tramadol were detected in all of the alternative matrices in almost all cases, while buprenorphine was detected less often. For methadone, the concentrations in the alternative matrices, except for in vitreous humor, were relatively similar to those in peripheral blood. Larger variations in concentrations were found for buprenorphine, oxycodone, and tramadol. Quantitative analyses appeared useful for fentanyl, in all of the alternative matrices, but only four cases were included. Toxicological analyses of opioids in these alternative postmortem matrices can be useful for detection, but interpretation of quantitative results must be performed with caution.

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