Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in the Prosobranch Gastropod Mollusc, Viviparus Viviparus Linn

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
C. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Gastropod Mollusc ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Viviparus Viviparus ◽  
Inorganic Composition ◽  
The Mean

1. The inorganic composition of the blood of Viviparus has been examined. The mean Δ is 40·9 mM./l. NaCl, and the blood Contains 34 mM./l. sodium, 1·2 mM./l. potassium, 5·7 mM./l. calcium, 31 mM./l. chloride, and 11 mM./ bicarbonate. The pH is 7·73. 2. When the concentration of the external medium is increased, Δ of the blood increases and in 20% sea water the blood is isosmotic with the external medium. Chloride is maintained in lower concentration in the blood than in the external medium. 3. The minimum concentrations of the external medium at which Viviparus can come to equilibrium are 0·006 mM./l sodium and 0.20 mM./l calcium. 4. After washing-out in de-ionized water Δ of the blood can be reduced to half its normal value. Chloride is reduced to about 5 mM./l. and is to some extent replaced by bicarbonate. 5. The ionic composition of the opercular muscle has been analysed. Much calcium is held in solid concretions. The ratios of internal:external potassium and chloride do not appear to obey a Donnan equilibrium. This matter is discussed. 6. The possibility is discussed that the concentration of amino acids in the cells increases when Δ of the blood is increased.

The Formation of Urine by the Prosobranch Gastropod Mollusc Viviparus Viviparus Linn

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
C. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Gastropod Mollusc ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Viviparus Viviparus ◽  
Pericardial Pressure

1. The urine of Viviparus is hypotonic to the blood by about 30 mM./l. NaCl in tap water, and remains hypotonic in concentrations of up to 10% sea water. 2. The rate of production of urine is between 0·25 and 0·91 µl./g./min. in tap water at 19° C. The rate decreases in proportion to the decrease in osmotic difference between blood and external medium. Viviparus may be able to detect changes in salt concentration of the external medium and alter its rate of urine production accordingly. 3. Pericardial fluid is similar to blood in composition; the rate of flow of pericardial fluid through the reno-pericardial canal is proportional to the blood pressure; and when inulin is injected into the blood, concentrations in blood and pericardial fluid are approximately the same. For these reasons it is supposed that blood is filtered through the heart into the pericardium. 4. About 20 mM./l. NaCl, and probably some water, are reabsorbed in the kidney. Liquid is passed through the kidney by rhythmic contractions of the kidney musculature. Pericardial pressure does not influence the overall rate of urine production but blood pressure does have an effect. 5. About 5 mM./ NaCl, and probably a little water, are reabsorbed in the ureter.

scholarly journals Ionic Regulation in Some Marine Invertebrates

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
JAMES D. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Decapod Crustacea

1. Analyses have been made of the ionic composition of the body fluids of some twenty marine invertebrates belonging to five phyla. The body fluids were again analysed after dialysis in collodion sacs against samples of the original sea water in which the animals had been kept. Comparison of the two analyses in terms of weight of water gives a true measure of ionic regulation by taking into account such factors as the Donnan equilibrium and the formation of calcium-protein complexes in those animals with significant concentrations of protein in their blood. 2. Some ionic regulation is found in all the animals examined, but it is most pronounced in the cephalopod Mollusca and the decapod Crustacea. 3. The mesogloeal tissue fluid of the jelly-fish Aurelia showed the following composition (expressed as percentage of concentration in the dialysed fluid): Na 99%, K 106%, Ca 96%, Mg 97%, Cl 104%, SO4 47%. This regulation seems to be brought about by elimination of sulphate and accumulation of potassium by the epithelia bounding the mesogloea, with resultant alteration in the remaining ions in conformity with osmotic equilibrium between the jelly and sea water. 4. In the echinoderms studied only potassium is regulated, values in the perivisceral fluid not exceeding 111% being found, with higher values in the ambulacral fluid. Polychaetes regulated potassium (up to 126%) and sometimes reduced sulphate (92%). 5. Regulation extends to all ions in the decapod Crustacea. In six species the range was Na 104-113%, K 77-128%, Ca 108-131%, Mg 14-97% Cl 98-104%, SO4 32-99%. There is a series Lithodes, Cancer, Carcinus, Palinurtis, Nephrops and Homarus in which magnesium falls from 97 to 14%; the series is roughly in accordance with increase of activity. Analyses given of the secretion from the antennary glands emphasize the importance of these organs in controlling the composition of the blood. They eliminate magnesium, sulphate, and sometimes calcium, and conserve the other ions. 6. Lamellibranchs and gastropods accumulate potassium and calcium, and eliminate sulphate to a small degree. Range of values in six species was Na 97-101%, K 107-155%, Ca 103-112%, Mg 97-103%, Cl 99-101%, SO4 87-102%. 7. Considerable ionic regulation exists in the Cephalopoda, ranges being Na 95-98%, K 152-219%, Ca 94-107%, Mg 102-103%, Cl 101-104%, SO4 29-81%. In Eledone and Sepia differential excretion by renal organs is an important factor in this. Sulphate and sodium are eliminated in quantities greater than would be present in an ultrafiltrate of the plasma, tending to lower these values, whereas the other ions are excreted in proportions below those of an ultrafiltrate, tending to elevate their concentrations in the blood. 8. The ratio of equivalents Na+K/Ca+Mg in the body fluids of these marine invertebrates remains at the sea-water figure of 3.8 in Aurelia, echinoderms, anneli worms, and lamellibranchs, but decreases in the gastropods and cephalopods to 3.5. In the decapod Crustacea, owing principally to reduction of magnesium, it increases from 3.8 in Lithodes to 9 and 12 in the Palinura and Astacura genera.

Ionic Regulation in the Palaemonid Prawn Palaemon (=Leander) Serratus

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PARRY
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Antennal Gland

1. Analyses have been made of the blood and urine of Palaemon serratus for the inorganic ions Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4 the animals being kept in 50, 100 and 120% sea water. 2. When the animal is in 100% sea water the concentrations of ions in the blood, expressed as percentages of their concentrations in the medium (to the nearest 5%) are as follows: Na, K and Cl, 85% Ca, 105% Mg, 20% SO4 10%. 3. When the animal is in 50% sea water the corresponding figures are: Na and Cl, 105%K, 120%; Ca, 200%; Mg, 20%; SO4 10%. 4. When the animal is in 120% sea water the corresponding figures are: Na, K and Cl, 85% Ca, 115% Mg, 30% SO4 20%. 5. The concentrations of Na, K and Ca in the urine are always slightly (≤20%) less than their concentrations in the blood. The concentration of Cl is slightly greater in the urine than in the blood (10-20%) and the concentrations of Mg and SO4 are very much greater, by factors of up to 7 times. The relative concentrations of ions blood and urine do not change substantially with changes in the external medium. 6. The antennal gland, although it plays no part in purely osmotic regulation, is no doubt partly responsible for maintaining the low blood concentrations of Mg and SO4.

scholarly journals Ion Concentration and Activity in the Haemolymph of Aedes Aegypti Larvae

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Osmotic Concentration

The ionic composition of the haemolymph was measured in fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (reared in 0.30% sea water, the animals' natural salinity range). Inorganic ions and free amino acids form a substantial part of the haemolymph osmotic concentration. With increasing external osmotic pressure, there is an increase in the concentration of the amino acids, not the major inorganic cations. Measurements with ion-selective electrodes indicate that the activities of sodium, potassium and chloride can vary independently of their total concentration. The osmotic contribution of these inorganic ions is therefore not necessarily determined by their total concentration.

SITE-SPECIFIC EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR COASTAL SEA AREAS AND INLAND WATER BODIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Sea

This article presents a new method of laboratory density determination and construction equations of state for marine waters with various ionic compositions and salinities was developed. The validation of the method was performed using the Ocean Standard Seawater and the UNESCO thermodynamic equation of state (EOS-80). Density measurements of water samples from the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Issyk-Kul Lake were performed using a high-precision laboratory density meter. The obtained results were compared with the density values calculated for the considered water samples by the EOS-80 equation. It was shown that difference in ionic composition between Standard Seawater and the considered water bodies results in significant inaccuracies in determination of water density using the EOS-80 equation. Basing on the laboratory measurements of density under various salinity and temperature values we constructed a new equation of state for the Aral Sea and the Black Sea water samples and estimated errors for their coefficients.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Authenticity of the Raw-Milk Cheese Fontina (PDO) with Respect to Similar Cheeses

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Luisa Pellegrino ◽  
Johannes A. Hogenboom ◽  
Veronica Rosi ◽  
Paolo D’Incecco
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Food Authenticity ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Production Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese

The implementation of quality assurance schemes for the assessment of PDO food authenticity is an issue involving manufacturers, traders, retailers and consumers. In this respect, reliable analytical methods are needed to integrate paper-trailing information. The feasibility of distinguishing the Italian Fontina PDO cheese from the generic Fontal cheese was preliminarily evaluated on a set of commercial samples by measuring selected parameters (pH, alkaline phosphatase activity, content of copper, volatiles, extent of proteolysis) related to the different manufacturing processes. The relative profile of free amino acids proved to be a promising tool. A new set of 41 samples of Fontina PDO cheese was collected at representative dairies within the recognized production area and analyzed for free amino acids. A chemometric model of Fontina PDO cheese was built based on the mean content and standard deviation of 15 free amino acids. On this basis, all of the PDO samples were correctly identified, whereas all of the Fontal cheeses were recognized as different cheeses.

Amino Acids in Sea Water

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Braven ◽  
Roger Evens ◽  
E. Ian Butler
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sea Water

Vegetation, hydrology, and development of a coastal mire in Hokkaido, Japan, affected by flooding and tephra deposition

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hotes ◽  
Peter Poschlod ◽  
Hiroshige Sakai ◽  
Takashi Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Plant Macrofossils ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Myrica Gale ◽  
Mineral Deposition ◽  
Volcanic Ejecta ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Flooding Events

Mires in coastal lowlands in Hokkaido, northern Japan, have repeatedly been affected by flooding events and tephra (aerially transported volcanic ejecta) deposition during their development. Vegetation, hydrology, and stratigraphy of Kiritappu Mire in eastern Hokkaido were investigated along two transects and are discussed in relation to disturbance by mineral deposition. The vegetation pattern showed little relation to past geologic events. Five plant communities, two of which (A and C) could be further divided into subgroups, were distinguished (A, Alnus japonica - Spiraea salicifolia community; B, Sasa chartacea community; C, Myrica gale var. tomentosa - Sphagnum fuscum community; D, Carex lyngbyei community; E, Carex subspathacea - Aster tripolium community). Water levels, pH, electric conductivity, and ionic composition of groundwater and surface water were measured in communities A-C. Mean water levels were similar in communities A and C; in community B, it was lower. The pH was higher in community A than in communities B and C. Ion concentrations were influenced by sea water at some sites. Plant macrofossils and ash contents of 31 cores were analysed. Sedge roots were the dominant peat component, often mixed with remains of Phragmites australis, Sphagnum spp., and Polytrichum juniperinum var. strictum. Ash contents were high, and up to nine different mineral layers consisting of tephra, sand, silt, and clay were detected. In some cases, mineral deposition induced changes in the macrofossil composition of the peat. However, in a greater number of cases, no changes in the macrofossil composition were found at the mineral layers, and most shifts were not related to mineral deposition.Key words: mire, vegetation, hydrology, disturbance, flooding, tephra.

The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
T. J. Bradley ◽  
J. E. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.

Regulation of rectal secretion in saline-water mosquito larvae living in waters of diverse ionic composition

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bradley ◽  
J. E. Philips
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Anal Papillae

1. Larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris were adapted to three waters, all having an osmotic concentration of 700 mOsm, but differing in ionic rations. The (Na+Mg) SO4 medium was much moretoxic than the NAHCO3 or the NaCl media. 2. Ionic and osmotic concentrations of haemolymph and rectal secretion were measured in larvae adapted to all three media. The ratio of ionic concentrations in the rectal secretion reflected those in the external medium to which the larvae had been adapted, with the exception of SO42-, which was possibly replaced by HCO3-in the secretion. These differences in rectal fluid composition persisted even though all ligated recta were bathed in the same artificial haemolymph. 3. The Malpighian tubules were found to be the major site of SO42- excretion. In media containing high levels of NA+, Mg2+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-, the rectum secreted a hyperosmotic fluid containing these ions at concentrations several times greater than those found in the haemolymph. 4. These data provide the basis for speculation on the functioning of anal papillae in waters of diverse chemical composition.

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