Osmotic Regulation in the Brackish Water Teleost, Blennius Pholis

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
C. R. HOUSE
Keyword(s):  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adaptive Ability

1. The sodium effluxes between the blood and the medium have been studied in Blennius pholis in 10, 40 and 100% s.w. and in transfer from 40 to 100% s.w. under equilibrium conditions with the isotope 24Na. In addition the sodium influxes have been studied in 40 and 100 % s.w. in a similar manner. 2. The total flux in 100% s.w. has been found to be 100 mM. Na/l. blood/hr., and in 40 and 10% s.w. it has been found to be 20 mM. Na/l. blood/hr. 3. The results are interpreted as showing that the presence or absence of exchange diffusion does not alter the estimation of the active sodium efflux across the gills in 100% s.w. 4. The efflux experiments showed that the animal had a rapid adaptive ability to osmo-regulate upon transference from 40 to 100% s.w. 5. The electric potential differences between the blood and external medium have been measured in animals adapted to 10, 40, 100 and 150% s.w. and the blood serum concentrations of sodium and chloride ions have been measured in these media. 6. The mean potential differences ± standard deviation in 10, 40, 100 and 150% s.w. have been found to be -3±4.5 mV., +23±4 mV., +23 ±3 mV. and +29.5±5 mV. respectively (external medium taken as reference). 7. The results are interpreted as showing that there is active outward excretion of chloride ions in animals adapted to 150, 100 and 40% s.w. and active inward absorption of chloride ions in 10% s.w. and of sodium ions in animals adapted to 40 and 10% s.w. 8. The drinking rate in 100% s.w. has been calculated to be 27 mM. Na/kg. fish /hr. or 6% body weight/hr.

Abnormalities in the Sodium Pump of Erythrocytes from Patients with Hyperthyroidism

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. M. Smith ◽  
Pamela D. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Sodium ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Intracellular Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Mean

1. Intracellular cation composition has been measured in the red cells from twenty patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean concentration of sodium was 11·18 m-mole/l red cells; in sixty normal control subjects the mean red cell sodium level was 7·04 m-mole/l. The difference between these two groups was highly significant. There was no measurable difference between the potassium concentration and water content of red cells from thyrotoxic and control groups. 2. Measurements of active sodium efflux were carried out in red cells from ten hyperthyroid subjects and their matched controls. The rate constant for active sodium efflux was significantly lower in the patients than the control group. 3. The total amount of sodium actively pumped from red cells in 1 hr was significantly higher in the patients than the controls. 4. The total amount of sodium moving out of the red cells, both actively and by exchange diffusion, matched the total influx of sodium. This was true for control subjects and those with hyperthyroidism and this would support the view that the intracellular sodium concentration is constant and represents the result of a balance between influx and efflux. In hyperthyroidism this balance persists, but with an abnormally high intracellular sodium concentration. 5. There was a linear relationship between the cell sodium content and the active transport of sodium from the cell in control and hyperthyroid subjects. 6. Triiodothyronine did not produce any change in sodium transport by normal red cells in vitro. 7. It is concluded that there is a depression of the activity of the sodium pump in the red cells of hyperthyroid subjects. This allows the resting intracellular sodium concentration to rise until a new steady state is reached. Evidence is given that these changes are reversed when hyperthyroidism is corrected.

Sodium and Chloride Balance in the Prawn, Palaemonetes Varians

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-601
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Active Uptake

1. The exchanges of sodium and bromide (for chloride) ions between the brackish-water prawn Palaemonetes varians and its environment are described. 2. In an isosmotic medium the exchange of sodium and chloride ions takes place by passive diffusion. 3. In full-strength sea water sodium ions are actively removed extrarenally, the potential difference produced by the active extrusion of sodium ions maintaining the chloride ions in passive equilibrium. There is some evidence of an increased flux of ions in hyperosmotic sea water associated with water-swallowing to obtain water for water balance. 4. In 2% sea water chloride ions are actively absorbed, the potential produced by this active uptake helping to maintain sodium balance; but some active sodium uptake also occurs. 5. In salinities below 2% uptake of ions declines and the animals can no longer maintain equilibrium.

Effect of Voltage on Colloidal Gold (Au) Nanoparticles Produced Using Electro-Dissolution-Reduction Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 386-389
Author(s):  
Haroon Haiza ◽  
I.I. Yaacob ◽  
Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Dc Power ◽  
Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Mean

Colloidal gold nanoparticles have been successfully prepared using a simple two-electrode cells connected to a DC power supply. During the electro-dissolution-reduction process, the bulk gold at the anode oxidized into gold cations which then reacted with the chloride ions to form aurochloride complex. The complex ions were then reduced by the citrate ion to form colloidal gold nanoparticles. The size and shape of the nanoparticles were modulated by varying the terminal voltages. The colloidal gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). From FESEM analysis, it was found that by increasing the voltage, the size of colloidal gold nanoparticles produced marginally decreased. The mean sizes of gold nanoparticles were roughly about 23.5 nm, 23.2 nm and 19.3 nm for 32 V, 36 V and 40 V, respectively. TEM micrograph showed that the shape of gold nanoparticles obtained is almost spherical. The characteristic peaks of UV-Vis spectra revealed that the suspension was indeed colloidal gold nanoparticles. Keywords: Gold, Nanoparticles, Electro-dissolution-reduction

scholarly journals Systolic blood pressure of dogs at hospital and domestic environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1242-1248
Author(s):  
Frederico Aécio Carvalho Soares ◽  
Elisa Barp Neuwald ◽  
Verônica Santos Mombach ◽  
Ana Elize Ribeiro D'Avila ◽  
Francisco de Oliveira Conrado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Doppler Ultrasonography ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Veterinary Hospital ◽  
At Home

The measurement of blood pressure (BP) is an important assessment of the cardiovascular system, being influenced by physical and pathological conditions. Certain situations of stress and anxiety during BP measurement can lead to elevated values in small animals, known in medicine as "white coat effect". The aim of this research was to compare systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement using Doppler ultrasonography in 45 adult healthy dogs in two environments, at a veterinary hospital and at home. Comparison of heart rate, serum concentrations of cortisol and glucose intended to help the evaluation of the stress level of the animals. The mean of SBP at the veterinary hospital was 154.7mmHg and it was significantly (P<0.01) higher than at home (136.3mmHg). It was also observed that HR (mean=122.7bpm), and serum cortisol (median=4.5µg dL-1) and glucose (mean=95.9mg dL-1) concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.01) at the hospital, when compared with values obtained at home (109.6bpm; 1.5µg dL-1 and 85.5mg dL-1, respectively). In conclusion, the environment can influence SBP in dogs, due to factors related to stress.

scholarly journals Effects of medetomidine and atipamezole on serum glucose and cortisol levels in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Rangifer ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M. Arnemo ◽  
Birgit Ranheim
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus ◽  
Adrenoceptor Agonists ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Baseline Levels

<p>Serum concentrations of glucose and Cortisol were measured in five adult captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) at 24 h and 10 min before, and at 0.5, 1,2,4, 8, 12 and 24 h after, treatment with 60 p.g/kg of medetomidine i.v. followed by 300 jig/kg of atipamezole i.v. 60 min later. The experiments were performed in January and repeated in July-August. The animals were used as their own controls and treated with saline in July-August. The wash-out period between experiments in summer was 2 weeks or more. No obvious seasonal differences were observed. Mederomidine induced a 2.5-fold increase in glucose (mean &plusmn; standard error of the mean being 15.4 &plusmn; 0.6 mmol/1 at 1 h) and a 3.5-fold increase Cortisol (349 &plusmn; 28 nmol/1 at 0.5 h). Serum glucose reached control levels within 12 h, and Cortisol declined to baseline levels within 4 h after injection og medetomidine. The use of blood concentrations of glucose and Cortisol to assess nutritonal status, body condition and stress may be significantly biased in animals chemically immobilized with medetomidine or other alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists.</p>

scholarly journals Circulating concentrations of insulin like growth factor-1 in female dogs with spontane-ous mammary tumours

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6054-2018
Author(s):  
MAREK SZCZUBIAŁ ◽  
ROMAN DABROWSKI ◽  
WOJCIECH ŁOPUSZYŃSKI ◽  
MARIOLA BOCHNIARZ ◽  
MAGDALENA KRAWCZYK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Mammary Tumours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Mean Concentration

The aim of this study was the investigation of the circulating concentration of IGF-1 in female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumours. The study was performed on 34 female dogs undergoing surgery due to spontaneously occurring mammary gland tumours (24 malignant and 10 benign) and 10 clinically healthy fe-male dogs. The serum concentrations of IGF-1 were determined by specific ELISA Kit assay. The mean con-centrations of IGF-1 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) both in dogs with malignant (173.35 ± 120.45 ng/ml) and benign (130.58 ± 59.0 ng/ml) mammary tumours than in healthy controls (117.45±71.0 ng/ml). In the group of female dogs with mammary carcinomas, the mean concentration of IGF-1 gradually increased from 132.85 ± 65.64 ng/ml in dogs with grade 1 tumours to 317.74 ± 119.25 ng/ml in those with grade 3 tumours, and significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among dogs with various grade tumours. These findings suggest that circulating IGF-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine mammary tumour. Moreover, high IGF-1 levels may reflect tumour cell differentiation into a more aggressive phenotype. .

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Studies on the Role of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Extract in Reducing Liver and Kidney Toxicity Due to Etoposide in Male Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Majd Almakhatreh ◽  
Ezar Hafez ◽  
Ehab Tousson ◽  
Ahmed Masoud
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Kidney Toxicity ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Aims: Etoposide (Vepesid) is chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit topoisomerase II activity and long been used for treatment of human malignancies, where it is a semi-synthetic compound derived from the plant Podophyllum peltatum. The current study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of rosemary extract against Etoposide -induced changes in liver and kidney functions, and DNA damage in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 male Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into four groups (1st group was control; 2nd group was treated with rosemary, 3rd group was received etoposide, and 4th & 5th groups was co- and post treated groups respectively). Results: The administration of Etoposide revealed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage. In contrast; a significant decrease in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions were when compared with control group. This increased in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage was reduced after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide  (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. Also, this decreased in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions was increased after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. Conclusion: It could be concluded that rosemary has a promising role and it worth to be considered as a natural substance for protective the liver and kidney toxicity induced by etoposide (Vepesid) chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Icephobicity of Functionalized Graphene Surfaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Xiong Zhang ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Functionalized Graphene ◽  
Functionalized Surfaces ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Manipulating the ice nucleation ability of liquid water by solid surface is of fundamental importance, especially in the design of icephobic surfaces. In this paper, the icephobicity of graphene surfaces functionalized by sodium ions, chloride ions, or methane molecules is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The icephobicity of the surface is evaluated by the freezing temperature. The freezing temperature on surface functionalized by methane molecules decreases at first and then increases as a function of the number groups, while the freezing temperature increases monotonically as a function of the number groups upon surfaces functionalized by sodium ions or chloride ions. The difference can be partially explained by the potential morphologies near the surfaces. Additionally, the validity of indicating the ice nucleation ability of water molecules using the number of six rings in the system is examined. Current study shows that the ice nucleation upon functionalized surfaces is inhibited when compared with smooth graphene substrate, which proves the feasibility of changing the icephobicity of the surfaces by functionalizing with certain ions or molecules.

Vancomycin Serum Protein Binding Determination by Ultrafiltration

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce H. Ackerman ◽  
E. Howard Taylor ◽  
Keith M. Olsen ◽  
Wedad Abdel-Malak ◽  
Alexandras A. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Study ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Serum Protein Binding ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Orthogonal Regression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serum Vancomycin

Sixty-two serum concentrations were obtained from 12 infected patients enrolled in a vancomycin pharmacokinetic study. Both unbound and total serum vancomycin concentrations were measured using ultrafiltration and a commercial fluorescent polarization immunoassay. Ultrafiltrates were obtained by centrifugation at 1000 × g for ten minutes at room temperature and their assay indicated a range in protein binding from 7.9 to 71 percent. The mean protein binding (mean ±SD) was 41.95 ± 14.15 percent. No measurable adsorption of vancomycin onto the ultrafiltration membrane was noted. Orthogonal regression of unbound versus total vancomycin concentrations was described by the equation y=0.597x-0.362 with a correlation coefficient of 0.948.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plasma Amino Acid Levels in Preterm Infants and Their Potential Correlation with Retinopathy of Prematurity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yasin Ozcan ◽  
Gumus Huseyin ◽  
Kenan Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Aim. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the level of circulating amino acids (aa) is associated with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods. This is a randomized controlled study of 55 infants born at gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks or birth weight (BW) ≤1500 grams. Serum samples were obtained from two groups: Group A comprised of 26 preterm infants with ROP and Group B comprised of 29 preterm infants without ROP. Plasma aa levels were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlation test and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between plasma aa levels and variables. Results. The mean serum arginine and glutamine levels were significantly higher, but the mean lysine and aspartic acid levels were significantly lower in Group A, compared to Group B ( p = 0.04 , p = 0.002 , p = 0.029 , and p = 0.002 , respectively). In multivariate analysis, the mean arginine and lysine levels were significantly associated with the stage of the disease ( p = 0.03 and p = 0.01 , respectively). No significant differences were determined between the groups in terms of alanine, asparagine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine, proline, citrulline, cysteine, ornithine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, taurine, and isoleucine amino acids ( p > 0.05 , respectively). Conclusions. These results indicate a significant association between high arginine and glutamine, with low lysine and aspartic acid serum concentrations with ROP. Due to higher serum concentrations in ROP, extra arginine-glutamine supplementation in hyperoxic conditions may be unfavorable through pathways involving reactive oxygen, particularly in patients with ROP.

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