The Hydrogen-Ion Concentration of Natural Waters I. The Relation of pH to the Pressure of Carbon Dioxide

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-72
Author(s):  
J. T. SAUNDERS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Concentration ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Hasselbalch Equation

1. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is shown to be entirely applicable to natural waters. 2. The value of pK1' is dependent on the normal concentration of the metallic kations present in the solution, including those derived from any neutral salts. The relation between pK1' and this concentration can be represented by a straight line for concentrations up to 1.0 normal. The equation which expresses this relation is pK1' = 6.52 - 0.53 3√c,where c is the normal concentration of metallic kations. 3. Methods for measuring accurately the pH by colorimetric methods are given. From the pH thus measured the pressure of carbon dioxide with which the solution is in equilibrium can be calculated with great accuracy. 4. By combining the results obtained the pH (corrected, if necessary for salt error by the curve on p. 56) of a solution of bicarbonates of normal concentration (Bik) as determined by the method described on p. 51, is related to the pressure of CO2 in mm. Hg (pCO2 with which the solution is in equilibrium by the equation pH = 10.70 - 0.53 8√c + log Bik/pCO2. 5. Bicarbonates are transformed into carbonates at a very slow rate when the pressure of carbon dioxide in the solution is reduced. The slow rate at which this process occurs accounts for many natural waters having larger amounts of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates held in solution than can be accounted for by the pressure of carbon dioxide with which the solution is in equilibrium.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND ITS RELATION TO METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN THE STARFISH

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Irving
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Patiria Miniata

The normal reaction of the cœlomic fluid in Patiria miniata and Asterias ochraceus is pH 7.6, and of the cæca, 6.7, compared with sea water at 8.3, all without salt error correction. A medium at pH 6.7–7.0 is optimum for the cæca for ciliary survival and digestion of protein, and is maintained by carbon dioxide production. The optimum pH found for carbon dioxide production is a true one for the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the tissue. It does not represent an elimination gradient for carbon dioxide. Because the normal excised cæca maintain a definite hydrogen ion concentration and change their internal environment toward that as an optimum during life, there exists a regulatory process which is an important vital function.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING MULTIPLE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. L. Binger ◽  
Richmond L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Pulmonary Capillaries ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Shallow Breathing ◽  
Impaired Pulmonary Function

1. The production of multiple emboli of the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles results in rapid and shallow breathing which may be associated with anoxemia, but is not dependent for its occurrence upon anoxemia. 2. Similarly there may occur an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood as well as an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. 3. These changes must be regarded as the result of the impaired pulmonary function. 4. They are not, however, the cause of the rapid and shallow respirations, since the abnormal type of breathing may occur without the attendant blood changes. 5. The characteristic type of response to increase in CO2 tension is an increased rather than a decreased depth of respiration.

The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Soil and Natural Waters in relation to Diseases other than Bacterial

Parasitology ◽  
1923 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
Trematode Infections ◽  
Suitable Group

Certain facts are known concerning the correlation of the distribution of animal species and the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil and water. An attempt is made to apply them to the distribution of malarial fever, as illustrating insect borne disease, and to some of the numerous Trematode infections, afflicting man and other animals, in which snails act as intermediate hosts. The importance of measurements of hydrogen ion concentration (by the colorimetric method) by field workers on the distribution of animals is urged.The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr M. V. Lebour for the suggestion that snails may prove a suitable group for the study of the relation between the reaction of the habitat and animal distribution.

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