The Effect of Washing on the Motility and Metabolism of Ram, Bull and Rabbit Spermatozoa

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
I G. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Rabbit Spermatozoa

1. The motility, oxygen uptake and aerobic glycolysis of unwashed, once- and twice-washed ram, bull and rabbit spermatozoa have been studied in a sodium phosphate-fructose diluent over a 5 hr. period at 37° C. 2. The mean ZO2 values obtained over the first hour for ram, bull and rabbit spermatozoa were 13.6, 13.3 and 7.1 respectively, and the corresponding mean total lactic acid production for each of these species over the 5 hr. period was 297, 439 and 413 µg./108 cells. Significant differences in oxygen uptake, lactic acid production and motility occurred between pooled ejaculates. 3. There was a decline in motility in almost all experiments, and a similar decline in oxygen consumption during the early hours. Towards the end of some experiments on unwashed ram and rabbit spermatozoa there was a rise in oxygen uptake which was shown to be due to bacterial contamination. 4. Washing once had no significant effect on motility, but washing twice adversely affected the motility of ram spermatozoa. 5. Significant decreases in total oxygen uptake occurred on washing ram spermatozoa twice and on washing rabbit spermatozoa both once and twice. This is believed to be due to the removal of bacteria. 6. Washing once had no significant effect on total lactic acid production, but it was significantly reduced on washing ram, bull and rabbit spermatozoa twice. This effect is believed to be associated with the spermatozoa themselves.

Biochemical appraisal of a milk diluent for semen

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
K. Friis Jakobsen ◽  
T. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

1. A study was made of the effects of a milk diluent on bull, ram and boar spermatozoa. Respiration and fructolysis of spermatozoa were used as the two main criteria of sperm activity. The milk diluent was a standardized and commercially available milk product, consisting of sterilized and homogenized milk, supplemented with milk fat.2. The rate of oxygen uptake measured manometrically in the presence of air was increased by the addition of the milk diluent throughout the entire incubation period. Fructose utilization was assessed by the rate of lactic-acid production. The rate of the anaerobic lactic-acid formation was higher in the presence of the milk diluent during the later stages of incubation.3. The effect of the milk diluent on sperm respiration was most striking in experiments with the sperm-rich portion of boar ejaculate obtained by fractionated collection. A somewhat less marked effect was observed with bull semen, and in ram semen the effect was comparatively weak.

scholarly journals Improvement of Lactic Acid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Cell Sorting for High Intracellular pH

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 5492-5499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoska Valli ◽  
Michael Sauer ◽  
Paola Branduardi ◽  
Nicole Borth ◽  
Danilo Porro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenases

ABSTRACT Yeast strains expressing heterologous l-lactate dehydrogenases can produce lactic acid. Although these microorganisms are tolerant of acidic environments, it is known that at low pH, lactic acid exerts a high level of stress on the cells. In the present study we analyzed intracellular pH (pHi) and viability by staining with cSNARF-4F and ethidium bromide, respectively, of two lactic-acid-producing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CEN.PK m850 and CEN.PK RWB876. The results showed that the strain producing more lactic acid, CEN.PK m850, has a higher pHi. During batch culture, we observed in both strains a reduction of the mean pHi and the appearance of a subpopulation of cells with low pHi. Simultaneous analysis of pHi and viability proved that the cells with low pHi were dead. Based on the observation that the better lactic-acid-producing strain had a higher pHi and that the cells with low pHi were dead, we hypothesized that we might find better lactic acid producers by screening for cells within the highest pHi range. The screening was performed on UV-mutagenized populations through three consecutive rounds of cell sorting in which only the viable cells within the highest pHi range were selected. The results showed that lactic acid production was significantly improved in the majority of the mutants obtained compared to the parental strains. The best lactic-acid-producing strain was identified within the screening of CEN.PK m850 mutants.

scholarly journals Respiration and Glycolysis of Normal Human Lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARL J. HEDESKOV ◽  
VIGGO ESMANN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Crowding Effect ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract The metabolism of intact, normal, human lymphocytes in vitro was studied from a total of 80 subjects. Corrected for the metabolism of contaminating red blood cells, the glucose uptake, lactic acid production, and oxygen consumption were 62, 95, and 117 µmoles per 1010 lymphocytes per hour, respectively, provided the cells were incubated at concentrations greater than 40 x 106 lymphocytes per ml. At lower lymphocyte concentrations the oxygen consumption per lymphocyte rose steeply with decreasing cell concentration (crowding effect). A similar but weaker crowding effect was noted for the lactic acid production, but not for the utilization of glucose. The oxygen uptake was lower with 20 per cent than with 100 per cent oxygen as gas phase. Small Pasteur and Crabtree effects were demonstrated. The oxygen consumption and lactic acid production proceeded linear with time, while the glucose utilization was higher during the first 30 minutes of incubation than later on. It is concluded that lymphocytes have a low aerobic glycolysis accounting for 75 per cent of the glucose utilization. The respiration is severely inhibited at high cell concentrations and it is suggested that this is caused by an insufficient availability of oxygen to the cells.

scholarly journals CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

1950 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Bueding
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cyanine Dye ◽  
Low Concentrations

1. Schistosoma mansoni utilizes in 1 hour an amount of glucose equivalent to one-sixth to one-fifth of its dry weight. Over 80 per cent of the metabolized glucose is converted to lactic acid by this organism. 2. The rates of glucose utilization and of lactic acid production by S. mansoni are the same under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions. 3. A high rate of lactic acid production and the absence of a postanaerobic increase in the oxygen uptake differentiate S. mansoni from most other parasitic helminths whose metabolism has been studied. 4. Arsenite and p-chloromercuric benzoate inhibit in low concentrations the oxygen uptake and the rate of glycolysis of S. mansoni. This inhibition is not prevented or reversed by an excess of glutathione or of thioglycollate. 5. Fluoride inhibits the removal of glucose and the production of lactic acid by S. mansoni to the same degree. 6. Low concentrations of quinacrine (atabrine) do not affect the respiration or the carbohydrate metabolism of the schistosomes. 7. The inhibitory effect of aldehydes on the metabolism of S. mansoni has been measured. Among this group of compounds dl-glyceraldehyde and o-nitrobenzaldehyde are the most effective inhibitors of glycolysis. 8. In a concentration of 2.6 x 10–6 M (1:1,000,000) a cyanine dye inhibits almost completely the respiration of the schistosomes, but has no effect on their rate of glycolysis. The oxygen uptake of the worms is inhibited by fuadin to a greater degree than their rate of glycolysis. 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone is a much more effective inhibitor of glycolysis than of the respiration of S. mansoni. The latter compound interacts with plasma albumin and, therefore, its inhibitory action on the metabolism of the schistosomes is greatly reduced in human serum or plasma. 9. Evidence is discussed which indicates that, in contrast to glycolysis, respiratory metabolism is not essential for the survival of S. mansoni.

STEROIDOGENIC AND GLYCOLYTIC RESPONSES TO NUCLEOTIDES, NUCLEOSIDES AND STEROIDS IN RODENT ADRENAL GLANDS: OPPOSING, SPECIES-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF CYCLIC GMP

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-T. HUM ◽  
A. BARTA-BARTOVA ◽  
M. K. BIRMINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Nucleotides And Nucleosides

The effects of nucleotides and nucleosides on steroidogenesis and aerobic lactic-acid production were examined in unsectioned mouse adrenal glands preincubated for 1 h and then incubated for 2 h in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate and 0·01 m-glucose medium equilibrated with 95% O2:5% CO2. Of all the compounds tested, at a concentration of 10 mmol/l (cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, AMP, ADP, ATP, GMP, IMP, adenosine, guanosine and inosine), only cyclic AMP was capable of stimulating steroidogenesis and induced a nine- to 12-fold increase in corticosterone production. Cyclic GMP inhibited corticosterone production by 40–55%. The nucleotides and nucleosides, except for ATP, all increased lactic-acid production. Cyclic AMP caused a three- to fivefold stimulation, cyclic GMP an increase of only 20–30%, and GMP, AMP and ADP increases of 80–100%. Cyclic GMP, protected from hydrolysis, may thus inhibit lactic-acid as well as steroid production in the mouse adrenal gland. By contrast, cyclic GMP was nearly as effective as cyclic AMP in stimulating glycolysis and steroidogenesis of rat adrenal glands. The proportion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) obtained with cyclic GMP was, however, always lower than that obtained with cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP, as opposed to cyclic GMP, increased the formation of corticosterone and lactic acid in the presence of exogenous deoxycorticosterone (DOC) beyond that expected from an additive response. Lactic-acid production was inhibited by 18-OH-DOC, a major secretory product of the rat but not the mouse adrenal. This steroid, furthermore, greatly reduced the stimulation of glycolysis evoked by added DOC, 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and corticosterone, facts that could account for the greater glycolytic activity of mouse compared with rat adrenals. The yield of corticosterone in the presence of added 11β-hydroxyprogesterone, but not of DOC, was also reduced by 18-OH-DOC, denoting a selective inhibition of 21-hydroxylation. A structural analogue of 18-OH-DOC, 18,20-cyclo-20,21-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, added by itself stimulated lactic-acid production. Added in combination with other steroids, it specifically counteracted the inhibitory effect of 18-OH-DOC, a steroid of potentially adverse biological properties. Our results are compatible with the concept that adrenal aerobic glycolysis is to a significant extent, but not exclusively, steroid-mediated. The glycolytically active but steroidogenically inert nucleotides and nucleosides offer examples of a dissociation between the two events.

THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE BY RAT UTERUS TISSUE IN EARLY PREGNANCY

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. H. Surani ◽  
P. J. Heald
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Uterine Tissue ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Marked Decline

ABSTRACT The oxygen uptake, lactic acid production and differential production of CO2 from [1-14C] glucose and [6-14C] glucose were examined in rat uterine tissue in vitro during the first nine days of pregnancy. After implantation had occurred the uterine areas containing the implanted blastocysts were studied separately from the remaining areas. It was found that the oxygen consumption of the tissues remained reasonably constant until day 7 of pregnancy and thereafter declined markedly in tissues from implanted areas and non implanted areas when expressed in terms of dry wt. When calculated on a DNA basis, the oxygen consumption of the implanted tissue still showed a marked decline by day 9 of pregnancy, whereas that of the non implanted tissue increased. Lactic acid production increased strongly in the implanted tissue but showed little change in the non implanted areas. The C1/C6 ratio increased significantly on day 3 of pregnancy and was consistantly and significantly higher in the implanted tissue in the non implanted tissue. The results are discussed in terms of the energy requirement for implantation.

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