A Comparative Study of the Lipids of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
J. D. McCOLL ◽  
R. J. ROSSITER
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Myelin Lipid ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

1. The concentration of water, cerebroside (glycosphingoside), free and total cholesterol, total phospholipin, monoaminophospholipin (phosphoglyceride) and lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) was determined in the spinal cords of a series of vertebrates including representatives of the cartilaginous and bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. From these figures was calculatedthe concentration of ester cholesterol, sphingomyelin (phosphosphingoside) and kephalin. 2. As was previously found for brain, the spinal cords of each of the species studied contained negligibly small concentrations of cholesterol ester. 3. The concentration of each lipid in the spinal cord was very similar for different individuals of the same species, but for different species within the same class the mean concentration of many of the lipids extended over a wide range. 4. The concentration of total cholesterol, sphingolipid and myelin lipid was greater in the spinal cords of mammals than in the spinal cords of the lower vertebrates. 5. Expressed as a percentage of ‘essential lipid’, the concentration of cerebroside, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, sphingolipid and myelin lipid, but not of lecithin and kephalin, was greater in the spinal cord than in the brain. 6. For the spinal cords of the species studied, the mean concentration of cerebroside expressed as a percentage of ‘essential lipid’ was negatively correlated with the mean concentration of sphingomyelin. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the chemical nature of the lipids of the myelin sheath of a vertebrate nerve fibre.

A Comparative Study of the Lipids of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202
Author(s):  
J. D. McCOLL ◽  
R. J. ROSSITER
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Concentration ◽  
Myelin Lipid ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

1. The concentration of water, cerebroside (glycosphingoside), free and total cholesterol, total phospholipin, monoaminophospholipin (phosphoglyceride) and lecithin (phosphatidyl choUne) was determined in the brains of a series of vertebrates, including representatives of the cartilaginous and bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals. From these figures was calculated the concentration of ester cholesterol, sphingomyelin (phosphosphingoside) and kephalin. 2. The brains of each of the species contained a negligibly small concentration of cholesterol ester and, unlike the nervous system of certain invertebrates, the brains of all the species contained some cerebroside. 3. The concentration of each lipid in the brain was very similar for different individuals of the same species, but for various species within one class the mean concentration of many of the lipids differed greatly. 4. The mean concentration of total myelin lipid and that of each of the individual myelin lipids, i.e. cerebroside, cholesterol and sphingomyelin, was greater in the brains of the mammals than in the brains of the lower vertebrates.

scholarly journals Tissue S-adenosylmethionine levels in fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van der Westhuyzen ◽  
J. Metz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mean Concentration

1. The effect of cobalamin inactivation by the anaesthetic gas nitrous oxide on the concentration of S-adenosylmethionine (Ado Met) in brain and liver of fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was examined.2. Test animals exposed to N2O–oxygen (50:50, v/v) developed ataxia and paralysis leading to death after an average of 9·8 weeks (n 6). Animals receiving pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplements in the diet became ataxic earlier (mean 8·8 weeks) while those receiving methionine supplements survived for significantly longer periods (12·5 weeks, P < 0·01).3. Plasma cobalamin levels indicated severe depletion of cobalamin stores in N2O-exposed animals.4. The mean concentration of Ado Met in the brain of N2O-treated bats was nearly 50% higher than that of untreated controls. Ado Met levels in treated bats receiving pteroylmonoglutamic acid or methionine supplements were respectively 18 and 25% higher than in controls. In contrast, the concentration of Ado Met in the liver of all the N2O-treated groups was slightly lower than in controls.5. These results suggest that the N2O-induced neuropathy in the fruit bat is not related to a depletion of Ado Met in the nervous system.

scholarly journals Gross Morphology of the Brain and Spinal Cord of the African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
O. O. Igado ◽  
S. F. Braimah ◽  
A. A. Obasa
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Gross Examination

Abstract The African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is an insectivorous animal, native to Africa. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, protected by the cranium and vertebral column respectively. Assessment of the gross appearance and morphometries of the African pygmy hedgehog CNS were carried out using six adults (3 males and 3 females). The gross examination showed the brains to be lissencephalic, with relatively large olfactory bulbs, similar to that observed in some rodents. The rootlets of the first cervical spinal nerves were observed to emerge before the foramen magnum. Linear measurements were obtained from both the brain and spinal cord. The mean weight of the animals was 199.00 ± 16.09 g, with the males having an average body weight of 183.50 ± 12.02 g and the females 206.80 ± 11.95 g. Although not statistically significant, the males had a higher encephalisation quotient (0.40 ± 0.08) relative to the females 0.36 ± 0.04). The values for the brain weight, length of spinal cord and heights of the telencephalon and diencephalon at different points were higher in the males, while the spinal cord weight, length of brain and cerebellar height were higher in the females. The spinal cord showed slight enlargements at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments. This study aimed to provide baseline data for the study of the gross appearance and neuromorpho-metrics of the hedgehog, with possible application in regional anaesthesiology and comparative wildlife neuroanatomy.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEREBRAL ARTERIES: THE CONCENTRATION OF LIPIDS AND MINERALS COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE INTERNAL CAROTID

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Buck ◽  
James C. Paterson ◽  
Roger J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Internal Carotid Arteries

The concentration of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, total phospholipid, nonlipid phosphorus, calcium, and fat-free dry residue was determined in the internal carotid and cerebral arteries obtained at autopsy from a series of 14 male subjects ranging in age from 40 to 85 yr. From these figures the concentration of cholesterol ester and percentage of the total cholesterol in the ester form was calculated.In terms of wet weight, there was, in general, no significant difference between the mean concentration of lipids in the internal carotid arteries and that in the cerebral arteries. On the other hand, the mean concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was much greater in the internal carotid arteries than in the cerebral arteries.By the method of rank correlation it was found that for both vessels the concentration of total, free, and ester cholesterol was significantly correlated with both age and the severity of the atherosclerosis. Ester cholesterol expressed as a percentage of total cholesterol was also significantly correlated with age and the severity of the disease process.For the internal carotid artery, the concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was correlated with both age and the severity of the atherosclerosis. This was in contrast to the cerebral arteries in which the concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was extremely low and was found to be correlated neither with age nor the severity of the disease process.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEREBRAL ARTERIES: THE CONCENTRATION OF LIPIDS AND MINERALS COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE INTERNAL CAROTID

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Buck ◽  
James C. Paterson ◽  
Roger J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Internal Carotid Arteries

The concentration of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, total phospholipid, nonlipid phosphorus, calcium, and fat-free dry residue was determined in the internal carotid and cerebral arteries obtained at autopsy from a series of 14 male subjects ranging in age from 40 to 85 yr. From these figures the concentration of cholesterol ester and percentage of the total cholesterol in the ester form was calculated.In terms of wet weight, there was, in general, no significant difference between the mean concentration of lipids in the internal carotid arteries and that in the cerebral arteries. On the other hand, the mean concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was much greater in the internal carotid arteries than in the cerebral arteries.By the method of rank correlation it was found that for both vessels the concentration of total, free, and ester cholesterol was significantly correlated with both age and the severity of the atherosclerosis. Ester cholesterol expressed as a percentage of total cholesterol was also significantly correlated with age and the severity of the disease process.For the internal carotid artery, the concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was correlated with both age and the severity of the atherosclerosis. This was in contrast to the cerebral arteries in which the concentration of calcium and nonlipid phosphorus was extremely low and was found to be correlated neither with age nor the severity of the disease process.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.

Instant 99mTc-Labelled Glucoheptonate Kit for Kidney Imaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hilli ◽  
H. M. A. Karim ◽  
M. H. S. Al-Hissoni ◽  
M. N. Jassim ◽  
N. H. Agha
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2 2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory.

HRA Model for Hypercholesterolemia Based on a Longitudinal Health Database

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
T. Kishimoto ◽  
Y. Iida ◽  
K. Yoshida ◽  
M. Miyakawa ◽  
H. Sugimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Serum Total Cholesterol ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractTo evaluate the risk factors for hypercholesterolemia, we examined 4,371 subjects (3,207 males and 1,164 females) who received medical checkups more than twice at an AMHTS in Tokyo during the period from 1976 through 1991; and whose serum total cholesterol was under 250 mg/dl. The mean follow-up duration was 6.6 years. A self-registering questionnaire was administered at the time of the health checkup. The endpoint of this study was the onset of hypercholesterolemia when the level of serum total cholesterol was 250 mg/dl and over. We compared two prognosis groups (normal and hypercholesterol) in terms of age, examination findings and lifestyle. After assessing each variable, we employed Cox's proportional hazards model analysis to determine the factors related to the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia. According to proportional hazards model analysis, total cholesterol, triglyceride and smoking at the beginning, and hypertension during the observation period were selected in males; and total cholesterol at the beginning and age were selected in females to determine the factors related to the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia.

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