The Experimental Induction of Prenatal Mortality and the Subsequent Elimination of the Dead Embryos in Rabbits

1948 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
F. W. ROGERS BRAMBELL ◽  
MEGAN HENDERSON ◽  
IVOR H. MILLS
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Subsequent Elimination ◽  
The Dead

1. All the embryos in utero in pregnant rabbits were killed in a few hours by 5 mg. of stilboestrol administered subcutaneously. Experiments were performed on fourteen animals at 11 days, twelve animals at 15¾ days and three animals at 19-20 days post-coitum. 2. Embryos killed with stilboestrol administered at 11 or 15¾ days post-coitum were invariably reabsorbed. Abortion occurred when the embryos were killed by stilboestrol at 19-20 days. 3. Some or all of the embryos were killed in sixteen animals at 16 days and in five animals at 19-20 days post-coitum by perforating the uterus, membranes and embryos with a needle at laparotomy. Many of the embryons survived this treatment. 4. Abortion occurs as a rule, but not invariably, when all the embryos are killed by surgical means. In the 16-day-series abortion is probably preceded by an initial period of autolysis. In the 20-day-series one animal reabsorbed but the others aborted. 5. Destruction of some only of the embryos at 16 or 20 days post-coitum by surgical means usually results in reabsorption of the dead embryos and the maintenance of pregnancy, but may result in abortion. 6. The occurrence of abortion may depend on the stage of development attained by the placenta. 7. Abortion occcurred at 19½-25 days post-coitum. There was no evidence that abortion occurred before the 19th day. 8. The speed at which reabsorption proceeds varies with the stage of development of the embryos at the time of death, the manner of death, and whether some or all the embryos die. Reabsorption proceeds much more quickly after stilboestrol administration than after surgical interference. The dead embryos are much more persistent when others survive and the mother remains pregnant than when all are killed surgically. It is uncertain whether the greater rapidity of removal, when all embryos die, is due to more rapid autolysis or is due to the curtailment of reabsorption by abortion.

About realization of the first stage of development of the fundamental problem “Folk music of Halychyna and Volodymyria”: innovative activity of the Research Scientific Laboratory of Musical Ethnology 1990s–early 2000s.

Ethnomusic ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-46
Author(s):  
Lina Dobrianska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Scientific Laboratory

The article considers versatile ethnomusicographic activities of the Research Scientific Laboratory of Music Ethnology (RSLME) in initial period of its activity (1990–2004) under the direction of Bohdan Lukaniuk. A brief historical outline of the ethnomusicological studies of the Lviv Conservatory has been submitted, the chronology of educational reform in pedagogy and scientific ethnomusicological studies of higher education has been presented, which resulted in the establishment of a new scientific institution, the Scientific-Researching Laboratory of Music Ethnography, on the basis of the Office of Folk Music as early as 1990’s. The main innovations introduced by B. Lukaniuk in the etnomusicology and education were outlined. PSRLME in cooperation with Music Folklore Department of the Mykola Lysenko Lviv High Music School has rapidly developed into a trusted ethnomusicological institution well established in Ukraine and abroad. The main innovations were: carefull planning of all activities of the Laboratory as an integral part of the project “Folk music of Galicia and Volodymyria”; the methodological and practical reform of musical education; establishment of an careful field research and archiving strategy as integral part of historical and ethnomusicological research programmes of the Western Ukraine ethnomusicological areals; a reform of Ethnomusicographic data archive: careful planning of field research programmes, establishments of new funds and collections, systematic archiving of current & historical records, etc. The results of the initial period of the activities of PSRLME in the field of musical and ethnographic data archives are summarized, including the historical timeline of the implementation of as much as two dozen research programs and sub-programs which were then initially established, and a series of indicators has been created to provide historical timeline reference. The article is prepared on the basis of the data archives of documentation and printed sources. Tags: music folklore, ethnomusicology historical records, etnomusicological data archives, archiving data strategies, Bohdan Lukaniuk, PSRLME.

Anxieties

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline I. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Didactic Literature ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Mental Focus ◽  
Excruciating Pain

Behind the idealized imagery of purple clouds, divine music, and the Buddha’s welcoming descent lurked the fears that one’s last moments might not go as hoped. Deathbed ritual manuals and didactic literature warn that correct mental focus at the end might be threatened by excruciating pain, loss of consciousness, or demonic attack. Tales of failed ascetic suicide stress the danger of worldly attachment at the time of death. Bad deaths also had social consequences, whether for surviving relatives who worried about their loved ones’ postmortem fate or disciples whose teacher’s inelegant death might compromise the reputation of their lineage. Evidence suggest that people dealt with anxiety about their own manner of death by adopting advance measures to enhance the likelihood of meeting their last moments in a proper state of mind. These included prayer, prognostication, death rehearsals, and massive, quantifiable acts of merit accumulation, such as chanting a million nenbutsu.

YOU EXIST BECAUSE MAAT EXISTS; MAAT EXISTS BECAUSE YOU EXIST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (XVIII) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Dariusz Rozmus
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Moral Order ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
Holistic Concept ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Law ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Law And Justice

In the course of a few thousands of years of their history, the ancient Egyptians developed a very complex concept of cosmic order represented by the notion of maat and personified by the goddess Maat. It involved many of the cardinal laws described by subse¬quent philosophers, such as the Truth, the Law and Justice. One may claim that the principle of cosmic balance which involved both the forces of nature (physics) and the moral order is the earliest example of the activity of an all-embracing principle of natural law (You exist because Maat exists. Maat exists because you exist). The principle of maat which is ensured by the king operates permanently (for Maat embraces you day and night). A righteous man may rely on its protection both during his lifetime as well as during the judgment of the dead. The rules of the material law (referred to with the word hp, hepu), which were merely at the stage of development in Egypt, operate according to the law of Maat. Unfortunately, this refined holistic concept of natural law is underexplored and it was rarely referred to in the considerations about the beginnings of human thinking

The Influence of Temperature and Moisture on the Uptake and Loss of Water in the Eggs of Gryllulus Commodus Walker (Orthoptera--Gryllidae)

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
T. O. BROWNING
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Maximum Water Content

1. Eggs placed on moist plaster took up water slowly at first and then more rapidly until they had reached their maximum water content. The duration of the initial period of slow water uptake was dependent upon temperature, becoming shorter as the temperature was raised. Similarly the duration of the period of rapid water uptake decreased with temperature. 2. No special water-absorbing structure was identified in the eggs of Gryllulus. 3. The rate of water loss from newly laid eggs was more rapid at higher than at lower temperatures under conditions of constant atmospheric saturation deficiency. 4. Newly laid eggs died if they lost more than about 20% of their original weight. 5. At 90% relative humidity, eggs which had completed water uptake lost water at a higher rate at high than at lower temperatures. The rate of water loss was also dependent on the stage of development of the embryo. 6. Eggs that had completed diapause development at 13° C. and had completed water uptake were able to lose about 30% of their weight through desiccation without being killed, but many of those that lost more than about 20% of their weight failed to develop when replaced on moist plaster; it seemed as if they had entered a state resembling diapause.

scholarly journals Delayed and stage specific phosphorylation of H2AX during preimplantation development of γ-irradiated mouse embryos

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar Adiga ◽  
Megumi Toyoshima ◽  
Tsutomu Shimura ◽  
Jun Takeda ◽  
Norio Uematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Focus Formation ◽  
Damage Site ◽  
Stage Of Development

Within minutes of the induction of DNA double-strand breaks in somatic cells, histone H2AX becomes phosphorylated in the serine 139 residue at the damage site. The phosphorylated H2AX, designated as γ-H2AX, is visible as nuclear foci in the irradiated cells which are thought to serve as a platform for the assembly of proteins involved in checkpoint response and DNA repair. It is known that early stage mammalian embryos are highly sensitive to radiation but the mechanism of radiosensitivity is not well understood. Thus, we investigated the damage response of the preimplantation stage development by analyzing focus formation of γ-H2AX in mouse embryos γ-irradiated in utero. Our analysis revealed that although H2AX is present in early preimplantation embryos, its phosphorylation after 3 Gy γ-irradiation is hindered up to the two cell stage of development. When left in utero for another 24–64 h, however, these irradiated embryos showed delayed phosphorylation of H2AX. In contrast, phosphorylation of H2AX was readily induced by radiation in post-compaction stage embryos. It is possible that phosphorylation of H2AX is inefficient in early stage embryos. It is also possible that the phosphorylated H2AX exists in the dispersed chromatin structure of early stage embryonic pronuclei, so that it cannot readily be detected by conventional immunostaining method. In either case, this phenomenon is likely to correlate with the lack of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and high radiosensitivity of these developmental stages.

scholarly journals Identity and Fear – Burials in the Upper Palaeolithic

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Simona Petru
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Death ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Dead

Ritual burials probably appeared, when human beings became aware of their existence not only at a given moment, but also in the future. Death then became something to be afraid of, since it annihilated the identity of the deceased. Consequently a belief appeared that rituals at the time of death and proper handling of the corpse could preserve the identity of the dead, so that they only enter a different "world", that is afterlife, where life and personality continue in some way. Since finds of deformed and damaged skeletons in Upper Palaeolithic graves are relatively frequent, it may be possible to conclude, that people at that time were particularly cautious with the bodies of those who, for a variety of reasons, deviated from normal in their lifetime.

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