scholarly journals Acclimation of intestinal morphology and function in djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) related to seasonal and acute energy balance

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.232876
Author(s):  
Emiliana Piscitiello ◽  
Annika Herwig ◽  
Elena Haugg ◽  
Bernd Schröder ◽  
Gerhard Breves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
And Function

Small mammals exhibit seasonal changes in intestinal morphology and function via increased intestine size and resorptive surface and/or nutrient transport capacity to increase energy yield from food during winter. This study investigated whether seasonal or acute acclimation to anticipated or actual energetic challenges in Djungarian hamsters also resulted in higher nutrient resorption capacities due to changes in small intestine histology and physiology. The hamsters show numerous seasonal energy saving adjustments in response to short photoperiod. As spontaneous daily torpor represents one of these adjustments related to food quality and quantity, it was hypothesized that the hamsters’ variable torpor expression patterns are influenced by their individual nutrient uptake capacity. Hamsters under short photoperiod showed longer small intestines and higher mucosal electrogenic transport capacities for glucose relative to body mass. Similar observations were made in hamsters under long photoperiod and food restriction. However, this acute energetic challenge caused a stronger increase of glucose transport capacity. Apart from that, neither fasting-induced torpor in food-restricted hamsters nor spontaneous daily torpor in short photoperiod-exposed hamsters clearly correlated with mucosal glucose transport capacity.Both seasonally anticipated and acute energetic challenges caused adjustments in the hamsters’ small intestine. Short photoperiod appeared to induce an integration of these and other acclimation processes in relation to body mass to achieve a long-term adjustment of energy balance. Food restriction seemed to result in a more flexible, short-term strategy of maximizing energy uptake possibly via mucosal glucose transport and reducing energy consumption via torpor expression as emergency response.

Glutathione content of the small intestine: regulation and function

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cumene Hydroperoxide ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oxidizing Effects

In ad lib.-fed rats the epithelium of the small intestine, like the liver, contains large quantities of glutathione, 17.0 and 32.4 nmol/mg protein respectively. Following 24 h food restriction the glutathione content in both tissues fell 53 and 69% respectively. Unlike the liver, however, the glutathione content of the intestinal mucosa is not regulated to a diurnal rhythm, suggesting that the liver may provide glutathione or glutathione precursors to maintain intestinal glutathione levels. Intestinal epithelial cell preparations obtained from 24 h food-deprived rats had depleted glutathione stores (50%) and as a consequence were more susceptible to the oxidizing effects of cumene hydroperoxide. These results suggest that if glutathione plays a major role in the defence of the intestinal mucosa from ingested toxins then depletion of this defence during periods of food restriction could significantly increase the susceptibility of the individual to toxins present in the diet.

Defending body mass during food restriction in Acomys russatus: a desert rodent that does not store food

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (4) ◽  
pp. R881-R891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roee Gutman ◽  
Itzhak Choshniak ◽  
Noga Kronfeld-Schor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Spiny Mice ◽  
Desert Rodent ◽  
Initial Decrease

Golden spiny mice, which inhabit rocky deserts and do not store food, must therefore employ physiological means to cope with periods of food shortage. Here we studied the physiological means used by golden spiny mice for conserving energy during food restriction and refeeding and the mechanism by which food consumption may influence thermoregulatory mechanisms and metabolic rate. As comparison, we studied the response to food restriction of another rocky desert rodent, Wagner’s gerbil, which accumulates large seed caches. Ten out of 12 food-restricted spiny mice (resistant) were able to defend their body mass after an initial decrease, as opposed to Wagner’s gerbils ( n = 6). Two of the spiny mice (nonresistant) kept losing weight, and their food restriction was halted. In four resistant and two nonresistant spiny mice, we measured heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen consumption during food restriction. The resistant spiny mice significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced energy expenditure and entered daily torpor. The nonresistant spiny mice did not reduce their energy expenditure. The gerbils’ response to food restriction was similar to that of the nonresistant spiny mice. Resistant spiny mice leptin levels dropped significantly ( n = 6, P < 0.05) after 24 h of food restriction, and continued to decrease throughout food restriction, as did body fat. During refeeding, although the golden spiny mice gained fat, leptin levels were not correlated with body mass ( r2 = 0.014). It is possible that this low correlation allows them to continue eating and accumulate fat when food is plentiful.

scholarly journals Effects of age on thermoregulatory responses during cold exposure in a nonhuman primate, Microcebus murinus

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. R696-R703 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Terrien ◽  
P. Zizzari ◽  
M.-T. Bluet-Pajot ◽  
P.-Y. Henry ◽  
M. Perret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microcebus Murinus ◽  
Aged Mouse ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Age Related

Cold resistance appears altered with aging. Among existing hypotheses, the impaired capacity in response to cold could be related to an altered regulation of plasma IGF-1 concentration. The combined effects of age and cold exposure were studied in a short-living primate, the gray mouse lemur ( Microcebus murinus), which adjusts its energy balance using a daily torpor phase, to avoid high energy cost of normothermia maintenance. Changes in body mass, core temperature, locomotor activity, and caloric intake were monitored under 9-day exposures to 25°C and 12°C in captive animals in winter conditions. Short-term (after 2 days) and long-term (after 9 days) cold-induced changes in IGF-1 levels were also evaluated. In thermoneutral conditions (25°C), general characteristics of the daily rhythm of core temperature were preserved with age. At 12°C, age-related changes were mainly characterized by a deeper hypothermia and an increased frequency of torpor phases, associated with a loss of body mass. A short-term cold-induced decrease in plasma IGF-1 levels was observed. IGF-1 levels returned to basal values after 9 days of cold exposure. No significant effect of age could be evidenced on IGF-1 response. However, IGF-1 levels of cold-exposed aged animals were negatively correlated with the frequency of daily torpor. Responses exhibited by aged mouse lemurs exposed to cold revealed difficulties in the maintenance of normothermia and energy balance and might involve modulations of IGF-1 levels.

Torpor in lactating Siberian hamsters subjected to glucoprivation

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. R46-R51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet L. Stamper ◽  
Irving Zucker ◽  
Daniel A. Lewis ◽  
John Dark
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Siberian Hamsters

Daily torpor has never been reported for any rodent species during lactation. To test whether torpor and lactation are incompatible processes, we administered 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog that interferes with cellular glycolysis, to Siberian hamsters during the 2nd wk postpartum. 2-DG (2,500 mg/kg of body mass) induced torpor in lactating as well as nonlactating females. Although depth of torpor did not differ between groups, duration of torpor tended to be shorter in lactating animals. Evidence of new milk bands suggests that pups were able to obtain milk from torpid dams. By contrast, dams subjected either to a combination of brief food deprivation and subsequent food restriction or just food restriction failed to display torpor, but instead cannibalized one or more pups. We conclude that torpor is possible during lactation; whether lactating dams in nature become torpid in response to energy shortages or cannibalize or abandon one or more of their offspring remains unknown.

Effects of intestinal nematodes during lactation: consequences for host morphology, physiology and offspring mass

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (24) ◽  
pp. 3955-3965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Kristan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Host Life

SUMMARYSublethal parasites are often assumed to have no detrimental effects on their host. However, the sublethal intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus affects both the morphology and the physiology of its laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) host and therefore has the potential to affect host life history. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) whether lactating and non-lactating mice responded similarly to experimental infection with H. polygyrus and (2) whether the changes in morphology and physiology that occurred with parasite infection affected host reproductive performance. Parasitized mice had greater whole body mass as a result of greater lean mass compared with unparasitized mice. Parasitized mice had larger organs (spleen, stomach, cecum and small intestine) and a diminished rate of glucose transport by the small intestine compared with unparasitized mice. Lactating mice had larger organs (liver, kidney, spleen,heart, stomach, large intestine, cecum and small intestine), lean mass and whole body mass, but a similar rate of glucose transport compared with virgin mice. Resting metabolism increased with lactation but not with parasitism. Lactating and non-lactating mice responded similarly to parasite infection for most measured variables. Production of large litters was followed by production of small litters for parasitized but not unparasitized females. After adjusting for parity and litter size, parasitized mothers produced female pups that were 6% smaller at weaning than female pups from unparasitized mothers, but there was no effect of maternal parasite infection on mass at weaning for male pups. Other measures of reproductive output were not affected by parasite infection.

Parasite infection and caloric restriction induce physiological and morphological plasticity

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. R502-R510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Kristan ◽  
Kimberly A. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Resting Metabolism ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate the effects of parasitism and caloric restriction on morphology (body composition, organ mass) and physiology (resting metabolism, intestinal glucose transport capacity), we gave laboratory mice intestinal parasites ( Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nematoda), 30% caloric restriction, or both. Calorically restricted mice had smaller body mass, enhanced glucose transport capacity, and lower resting metabolism than ad libitum-fed mice. Parasitized mice maintained body mass, had diminished intestinal glucose transport capacity, and greater resting metabolism than unparasitized mice. Parasitized, calorically restricted mice had smaller organ masses than parasitized, ad libitum-fed mice and did not increase their glucose uptake rate as much as unparasitized, calorically restricted mice. There was a significant interaction between caloric restriction and parasite status for morphological variables but not for physiological variables. Knowing the types of phenotypic changes that occur with simultaneous parasitism and caloric restriction will provide insight into understanding human helminthiasis in food-restricted communities and also how wild animals cope with environments where parasitism and seasonal food restriction are common.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 increases sucrase-isomaltase but not caudal-related homeobox protein-2 gene expression

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. G425-G428 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Kitchen ◽  
A. J. Fitzgerald ◽  
R. A. Goodlad ◽  
N. F. Barley ◽  
M. A. Ghatei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Homeobox Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Function

To determine the effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on sucrase-isomaltase and caudal-related homeobox protein-2 (Cdx-2) gene expression, male Wistar rats were divided into total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed and GLP-2-treated, TPN-fed groups. TPN was given via a jugular line, inserted under anesthesia, for 7 days. The treatment group received 40 μg/day of GLP-2 intravenously with the TPN diet. The small intestine and colon were weighed and measured. Tissue was obtained from the jejunum, terminal ileum, and midcolon. RNA analysis, morphometry, and microdissection were performed. The weight of the small intestine of GLP-2-treated rats was greater than that of TPN-fed rats ( P < 0.001). GLP-2 increased the mean metaphase arrests/crypt in both the jejunum and ileum ( P < 0.001). Ileal expression of sucrase-isomaltase was increased by 1.6-fold ( P < 0.05). Jejunal expression was increased by a similar amount, although not significantly ( P = 0.08). There was no change in Cdx-2 gene expression. Thus GLP-2 can maintain small intestinal morphology and function, but effects on gene expression are not mediated by gross changes in the level of the mRNA for the homeobox protein Cdx-2.

Oral vanadate reduces Na(+)-dependent glucose transport in rat small intestine

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1126-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Madsen ◽  
V. M. Porter ◽  
R. N. Fedorak
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Rat Small Intestine

Histological examination of rat small intestine after surgical removal of obturation small bowel obstruction and peptide stimulation of lymph flow

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
А.А. Коваленко ◽  
Г.П. Титова ◽  
В.К. Хугаева
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
And Function

Оперативное лечение различных заболеваний кишечника сопровождается осложнениями в виде нарушений микроциркуляции в области анастомоза кишки. Ранее нами показана способность лимфостимуляторов пептидной природы восстанавливать нарушенную микроциркуляцию, что послужило основой для настоящего исследования. Цель работы - оценка влияния стимуляции лимфотока в стенке кишки на процессы восстановления микроциркуляции, структуры и функции тонкой кишки в области оперативного вмешательства. Методика. В экспериментах на наркотизированных крысах (хлоралгидрат в дозе 0,6 г/кг в 0,9% растворе NaCl) моделировали различные поражения тонкой кишки (наложение лигатуры, перевязка 1-3 брыжеечных артерий, перекрут петли кишки вокруг оси брыжейки, сочетание нескольких видов повреждений). Резекция поврежденного участка через 1 сут. с последующим созданием тонкокишечного анастомоза завершалась орошением операционного поля раствором пептида-стимулятора лимфотока (40 мкг/кг массы животного в 1 мл 0,9% раствора NaCl). На 7-е сут. после операции проводили гистологическое исследование фрагмента кишки в области анастомоза. Результаты. На 7-е сут. после резекции у выживших животных (летальность вследствие кишечной непроходимости составляла 30%) имеют место морфологические признаки острых сосудистых нарушений стенки кишки, изменений кровеносных и лимфатических микрососудов, интерстициальный отек всех слоев стенки кишки, дилатация просвета кишки, повреждение всасывающего эпителия ворсин с истончением щеточной каемки клеток, морфологические признаки гиперфункции бокаловидных клеток. Использование лимфостимулятора пептидной природы после операции увеличивало выживаемость животных на 24%. У части животных отмечалось уменьшение расширения просвета кишки, у других практически полная его нормализация. Восстанавливалась форма кишечных ворсин и распределение бокаловидных клеток. Отсутствовали признаки внутриклеточного и межмышечного отека. Отмечено умеренное полнокровие венул. Заключение. Использование лимфостимулятора при хирургическом лечении кишечной непроходимости увеличивает выживаемость животных на 24% по сравнению с контролем, способствует более раннему восстановлению структуры и функции тонкой кишки. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности использования стимуляции лимфотока при операциях на кишечнике. Surgical treatment of bowel diseases is associated with complications that cause microcirculatory disturbances in the anastomosis area and may lead to a fatal outcome. This study was based on our previous finding that peptide-type lymphatic stimulators are able to restore impaired microcirculation. The aim of this work was stimulating the lymph flow in the intestinal wall to facilitate recovery of microcirculation, structure and function of the small intestine in the area of surgical intervention. Methods. In experiments on anesthetized rats (0.6 g/kg chloral hydrate in 0.9% NaCl), various small bowel lesions were modeled (bowel ligation, ligation of 1-3 mesenteric arteries, gut torsion, combination of several lesion types). In 24 h, the damaged area was resected, and a small intestine anastomosis was creased. The surgery was completed with irrigation of the operative field with a solution of lymph flow stimulating peptide (40 мg/kg body weight in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl). A gut fragment from the anastomosis area was examined histologically on day 7 after the surgery. Results. On the 7th day after removing the intestinal obstruction, the surviving animals (lethality 30%) had morphological signs of acute vascular disorders in the intestinal wall; changes in blood and lymphatic microvessels; interstitial edema of all intestinal wall layers; dilatation of the intestinal lumen; damage to the absorptive epithelium of villi with thinning of the brush border, and hyperfunction of mucous (goblet) cells. The use of the peptide after surgery increased the survival rate of animals by 24% and provided a smaller dilatation of the intestinal lumen in some animals. In other animals, the lumen recovered. The shape of intestinal villi and distribution of goblet cells were restored. Signs of intracellular and intermuscular edema were absent. Moderate venular congestion was noticed. Conclusion. Using the lymphatic stimulator in surgical treatment of intestinal obstruction increases the survival rate of animals by 24% compared to the control, facilitates earlier restoration of the small intestine structure and function. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of lymphatic stimulation in intestinal surgery.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document