scholarly journals The under-appreciated fats of life: the two types of polyunsaturated fats

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Different Depths

ABSTRACT There are two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e. fats that contain multiple carbon-carbon double bonds) – omega-6 and omega-3. They are not interconvertible, and they contribute ‘double-bonded carbons’ to different depths in bilayer membranes, with different effects on membrane processes. This Commentary emphasises the importance of these fats for biological membrane function and examines their evolution and biochemistry. Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are separately essential in the diet of animals, and they pass up the food chain largely from plants, with ‘seeds’ being a prevalent source of omega-6, and ‘leaves’ a prevalent source of omega-3. The dietary balance between these fatty acids has a strong influence on membrane composition. Although this aspect of diet has been little investigated outside of the biomedical field, emerging evidence shows it can alter important physiological capacities of animals (e.g. exercise endurance and adiposity), which has implications for activities such as avian migration and hibernation and torpor, as well as significant implications for human health. This Commentary will focus on the separate effects of omega-3 and omega-6 on membrane properties and will emphasise the importance of the balance between these two fatty acids in determining the function of biological membranes; I hope to convince the reader that fats should be considered first and foremost as the basic unit of biological membranes, and secondarily as a means of energy storage.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Mediated Regulation of Membrane Biochemistry and Tumor Cell Membrane Integrity

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Souvik Mukerjee ◽  
Abdulaziz S. Saeedan ◽  
Mohd. Nazam Ansari ◽  
Manjari Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Body System ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Tumor Cell Membrane

Particular dramatic macromolecule proteins are responsible for various cellular events in our body system. Lipids have recently recognized a lot more attention of scientists for understanding the relationship between lipid and cellular function and human health However, a biological membrane is formed with a lipid bilayer, which is called a P–L–P design. Our body system is balanced through various communicative signaling pathways derived from biological membrane proteins and lipids. In the case of any fatal disease such as cancer, the biological membrane compositions are altered. To repair the biological membrane composition and prevent cancer, dietary fatty acids, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, are essential in human health but are not directly synthesized in our body system. In this review, we will discuss the alteration of the biological membrane composition in breast cancer. We will highlight the role of dietary fatty acids in altering cellular composition in the P–L–P bilayer. We will also address the importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to regulate the membrane fluidity of cancer cells.

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone health

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Marcello Maggio ◽  
Andrea Artoni ◽  
Fulvio Lauretani ◽  
Carmelinda Ruggiero ◽  
Tommy Cederholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Omega 6

SummaryThe essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are divided into two classes, n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) and their dietary precursors are α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. PUFAs are precursors of a wide range of metabolites, for example eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which play critical roles in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including bone metabolism.A large body of evidence supports an effect of PUFA on bone metabolism which may be mediated by regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast activity, change of membrane function, decrease in inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), modulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and influence in NO secretion and NO synthase.Animal studies have shown that a higher dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids ratio is associated with beneficial effects on bone health. Human studies conducted in elderly subjects suggest that omega-3 instead of omega-6 has a positive effect on bone metabolism. In spite of increasing evidence, studies conducted in humans do not allow us to draw a definitive conclusion on the usefulness of PUFAs in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary fat on the lipid composition of rat brain synaptosomal and microsomal membranes

1982 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Foot ◽  
T F Cruz ◽  
M T Clandinin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Microsomal Membrane ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Microsomal Membranes

The modulation of rat brain microsomal and synaptosomal membrane lipid by diet fat was examined. Brain synaptosomal and microsomal membrane composition was compared for rats fed on diets containing either soya-bean oil (SBO), SBO plus choline, SBO lecithin, sunflower oil (SFO), chow or low-erucic acid rape-seed oil (LER) for 24 days. Cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine levels in both membranes were altered by diet. Diet fat also affected the microsomal content of sphingomyelin. Change in membrane phosphatidylcholine level was related to the relative balance of omega-6, omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids within the diets fed. The highest phosphatidylcholine levels appeared in membranes of animals fed on SBO lecithin and the lowest in those fed on LER. Microsomal membrane cholesterol and sphingomyelin content increased by feeding on SBO lecithin. In both synaptosomal and microsomal membranes a highly significant correlation was observed between membrane phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol content. The fatty acyl composition of phospholipids from both membranes also altered with diet and age. Alteration in fatty acid composition was observed in response to dietary levels of omega-6, omega-3 and monounsaturated fatty acids, but the unsaturation index of each phospholipid remained constant for all diet treatments. These changes in lipid composition suggest that dietary fat may be a significant modulator in vivo of the physicobiochemical properties of brain synaptosomal and microsomal membranes.

scholarly journals Essential Fatty Acids and the Brain

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Haag
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Omega 6

Objective: To review the role of essential fatty acids in brain membrane function and in the genesis of psychiatric disease. Method: Medline databases were searched for published articles with links among the following key words: essential fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexanoic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, arachidonic acid, neurotransmission, phospholipase A2, depression, schizophrenia, mental performance, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry textbooks were consulted on the role of fatty acids in membrane function, neurotransmission, and eicosanoid formation. The 3-dimensional structures of fatty acids were obtained from the Web site of the Biochemistry Department, University of Arizona (2001). Results: The fatty acid composition of neuronal cell membrane phospholipids reflects their intake in the diet. The degree of a fatty acid's desaturation determines its 3-dimensional structure and, thus, membrane fluidity and function. The ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular, influences various aspects of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmission, as shown by studies in animal models. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes fatty acids from membrane phospholipids: liberated omega-6 PUFAs are metabolized to prostaglandins with a higher inflammatory potential, compared with those generated from the omega-3 family. Thus the activity of PLA2 coupled with membrane fatty acid composition may play a central role in the development of neuronal dysfunction. Intervention trials in human subjects show that omega-3 fatty acids have possible positive effects in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, but more data are needed to make conclusive directives in this regard. Conclusion: The ratio of membrane omega-3 to omega-6 PUFAs can be modulated by dietary intake. This ratio influences neurotransmission and prostaglandin formation, processes that are vital in the maintenance of normal brain function.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

scholarly journals Anti-Platelet Properties of Apple Must/Skin Yeasts and of Their Fermented Apple Cider Products

Beverages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Donal Moran ◽  
Mary Fleming ◽  
Eimear Daly ◽  
Natasha Gaughan ◽  
Ioannis Zabetakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
Human Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Alcoholic beverages like apple cider are considered functional beverages with several health benefits, when consumed in moderation, which are mainly attributed to their microbiota and the plethora of their bioactive compounds. Among them, bio-functional polar lipids (PL) have recently been found in apple cider, which despite low quantities, have exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties, while fermentation seems to affect the functionality of apple cider’s PL bioactives. The aim of the present study was to elaborate yeast strains isolated from the complex mixtures of apple surface and must yeasts for evaluating their effects on the anti-platelet functional properties of PL bioactives from their final fermented apple cider products. First, bio-functional PL were extracted and separated from the biomass of the different isolated apple surface/must yeast strains, and were further assessed for their anti-platelet potency against human platelet aggregation induced by the potent inflammatory and thrombotic mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), or by a classic platelet agonist like adenosine diphopshate (ADP). Novel functional apple ciders were then produced from the fermentation of apple juice by elaborating the most bioactive and resilient yeast strains isolated from the apple must with optimum fermentation properties. PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple cider products were also further assessed for their anti-platelet properties against both the PAF and ADP pathways of human platelet aggregation. These novel cider products were found to contain PL bioactives with lower IC50 values (~40 μg) and thus increased anti-platelet potency against platelet aggregation induced by PAF and ADP. GC-MS analysis of the PL bioactives extracted from these novel apple ciders showed that apple cider PL bioactives are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) and the omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA), with favorably lower levels for their omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio, which further support the observed strong anti-platelet properties putative anti-inflammatory potency for the apple cider PL bioactives. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate and fully characterize the apple yeast strains that can be utilized for increasing the anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and cardioprotective functional properties of their fermented apple cider products.

scholarly journals Circulating and Dietary Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Incidence of CVD in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto ◽  
Jason H. Y. Wu ◽  
Ana Baylin ◽  
Dhananjay Vaidya ◽  
Stephen S. Rich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Omega 6

scholarly journals The Fatty Acid Profile in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: Why It Could Be Unsuspected

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castro-Correia ◽  
S. Sousa ◽  
S. Norberto ◽  
C. Matos ◽  
V. F. Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Diabetes Group ◽  
Diabetic Children ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes

Context. Several studies have shown a link between proinflammatory activity and the presence or deficit of some fatty acids. Inflammation is associated with several diseases including diabetes.Objective. To characterize and compare the fatty acids profiles in children with inaugural type 1 diabetes, diabetic children (at least 1 year after diagnosis), and healthy children.Design. Plasma fatty acids profiles in children with inaugural diabetes, children with noninaugural diabetes, and controls, all of whom were prepubescent with a BMI < 85th percentile, were evaluated.Results. Omega-3 fatty acid levels were higher in recently diagnosed subjects with diabetes than in controls. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was higher in the control population. Omega-6 fatty acid levels were higher in the nonrecent diabetic subjects than in the children with recently diagnosed diabetes, and the levels were higher in the nonrecent diabetes group compared to the control group.Conclusion. Our findings showed higher levels of alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA, as well as mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in diabetic children. These findings reinforce the importance of precocious nutritional attention and intervention in the treatment of diabetic children.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Expression of Genes Related to Somatotropic Axis Function in the Liver, Selected Blood Indicators, Milk Yield and Milk Fatty Acids Profile in Dairy Cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essa Dirandeh ◽  
Armin Towhidi ◽  
Zarbakht Ansari ◽  
Saeeid Zeinoaldini ◽  
Mehdi Ganjkhanlou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
And Control

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA s) affects expression of genes related to somatotropic axis and the plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxyl butyrate acids (BHBA) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and milk fatty acids profile. Right after calving, Holstein cows (n=45) were randomly assigned to one of three diets supplemented with roasted whole soybean as a source of omega-6 PUFA (omega-6, n=15), linseed as a source of omega-3 PUFA (omega-3, n=15) or palm oil (control, n=15). Each cow was in the study over a period of 70 days. Blood samples were collected every two weeks from day 1 to 70 of lactation and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, NEFA, BHBA and IGF1 were determined. Liver samples were taken from a subset of 18 cows (6 per diet) at day 70 postpartum and hepatic mRNA level of total growth hormone-receptor 1A (GHR1A), insulin receptor (INSR), IGF1 and insulinlike growth factor binding protein (IGFBP2) was assessed. Experimental diets did not affect milk yield. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were greater for omega-3 treatment compared to omega-6 and control treatments. Cows fed diets enriched in omega-3 exhibited greater INSR and GHR1A mRNA expression, and a tendency for greater IGF1 mRNA expression in the liver compared to omega-6 and control cows. Plasma IGF1 concentration was significantly higher in omega-3 treatment compared with omega-6 and control treatments. Results of this study suggest that feeding omega-3 PUFA s during early postpartum couples with the somatotropic axis, leading to an increase in plasma IGF1 concentration in dairy cows.

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