scholarly journals Diving in hot water: a meta-analytic review of how diving vertebrate ectotherms will fare in a warmer world

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. jeb228213
Author(s):  
Essie M. Rodgers ◽  
Craig E. Franklin ◽  
Daniel W. A. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Ectothermic Vertebrate ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

ABSTRACTDiving ectothermic vertebrates are an important component of many aquatic ecosystems, but the threat of climate warming is particularly salient to this group. Dive durations typically decrease as water temperatures rise; yet, we lack an understanding of whether this trend is apparent in all diving ectotherms and how this group will fare under climate warming. We compiled data from 27 studies on 20 ectothermic vertebrate species to quantify the effect of temperature on dive durations. Using meta-analytic approaches, we show that, on average, dive durations decreased by 11% with every 1°C increase in water temperature. Larger increases in temperature (e.g. +3°C versus +8–9°C) exerted stronger effects on dive durations. Although species that respire bimodally are projected to be more resilient to the effects of temperature on dive durations than purely aerial breathers, we found no significant difference between these groups. Body mass had a weak impact on mean dive durations, with smaller divers being impacted by temperature more strongly. Few studies have examined thermal phenotypic plasticity (N=4) in diving ectotherms, and all report limited plasticity. Average water temperatures in marine and freshwater habitats are projected to increase between 1.5 and 4°C in the next century, and our data suggest that this magnitude of warming could translate to substantial decreases in dive durations, by approximately 16–44%. Together, these data shed light on an overlooked threat to diving ectothermic vertebrates and suggest that time available for underwater activities, such as predator avoidance and foraging, may be shortened under future warming.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature change on fluoride uptake from a mouthrinse by enamel specimens

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Baglar ◽  
Adil Nalcaci ◽  
Mustafa Tastekin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fluoride Solution ◽  
Fluoride Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Body Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on fluoride uptake by enamel specimens from a 0.05% NaF-fluoridated mouthrinse (Oral-B Advantage; Oral-B Laboratories, Newbridge, UK).Methods: Enamel specimens were prepared from extracted human maxillary central incisors. A fluoride-specific ion electrode was used to measure the uptake from a 2 ppm fluoride solution containing 50.0 mL of distilled water, total ion strength adjustment buffer, and fluoridated rinse at 3 different temperatures (room temperature, 25°C; human body temperature, 37°C; hyper-fever temperature, 43°C). One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference were used to assess intragroup and intergroup differences (P<.05).Results: The study found that both the amount and the rate of fluoride uptake increased significantly with increase in temperature. This effect was particularly noticeable at 43°C.Conclusions: The temperature of the NaF mouthrinse may easily and safely be increased beyond room temperature by placing a container of the NaF mouthrinse in a bowl of hot water, allowing greater fluoride penetration into the enamel from the mouthrinse when used at home as a routine prophylactic agent. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:361-369)

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on decomposition of a potential nuisance species: the submerged aquatic macrophyte Egeria najas planchom (Hydrocharitaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Carvalho ◽  
S. M. Thomaz ◽  
L. M. Bini
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nuisance Species ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Egeria Najas

Decomposition of aquatic plants is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, temperature plays an important role. Despite the increasing number of studies describing the effects of temperature on the decomposition of aquatic macrophytes, little attention has been given to the decay of submerged macrophytes. In this paper, we assessed the effect of temperature on weight loss and chemical composition of detritus of the submerged aquatic macrophyte Egeria najas Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae). Fresh plant material was maintained at 17ºC and 27ºC, in the dark, in incubation chambers. The overall decay process was best described by a linear model, with rates of 0.014 day-1 (R² = 94%) and 0.045 day-1 (R² = 96%) obtained at 17ºC and 27ºC, respectively. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated a significant difference between the decomposition rates at the two temperatures. The rapid breakdown of E. najas detritus, indicated by the decay coefficient, may be explained by its low content of resistant compounds such as cellulose and lignin. The variables analyzed in this study (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen in the water and organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration in detritus) showed accentuated responses at 27ºC. It is likely that the higher temperature increased microbial activity and, therefore, oxygen consumption in the water, consequently affecting the pH and the rate of ion and nutrient liberation into the aquatic ecosystem. Due to the rapid decomposition of E. najas at high temperatures, a small exportation is expected of this species from its stands to distant regions in tropical reservoirs, where it is considered a potential nuisance species.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature of plant cultivation on plant palatability modify species response to novel climate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Dostálek ◽  
Maan Bahadur Rokaya ◽  
Zuzana Münzbergová
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Indirect Impacts

AbstractClimate warming is expected to strengthen the plant-herbivore interactions and thus increase the plant consumption rate. However, indirect impacts of temperature (acting via changes in host plant quality) on herbivore performance have only rarely been studied, and therefore, the net effect of temperature change is difficult to predict. We thus tested the effects of temperature on plant palatability and assessed whether the effects can be explained by changes in leaf traits.We conducted multi-choice feeding experiments with six species of the genus Impatiens cultivated at three different temperatures in the growth chambers and in the experimental garden and also studied changes in leaf morphology and chemistry.The leaves of Impatiens species were most eaten when cultivated in the temperature predicted by climate warming scenario. We found the traits related to leaf morphology (SLA, LDMC and leaf size) partly mediated the effects of temperature on leaf herbivore damage. Herbivores preferred smaller leaves with lower SLA and higher LDMC values. Results of our study suggested that elevated temperature will lead to change in leaf traits and increase their palatability. This will further enhance the levels of herbivory caused by increased herbivore pressure under climate warming.

Effect of temperature during the synthesis process of CdSe nanoparticles using the colloidal technique

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (63) ◽  
pp. 3389-3395
Author(s):  
R. González-Díaz ◽  
D. Fernández-Sánchez ◽  
P. Rosendo-Francisco ◽  
G. Sánchez-Legorreta
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Electron Cloud ◽  
Cdse Nanoparticles ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscope ◽  
First Results ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractIn this work, the first results of the effects of temperature during the production of Se2- ions and the effect during the interaction of Cd2+ and Se2- ions in the synthesis process of CdSe nanoparticles are presented. The synthesis of CdSe was carried out by the colloidal technique, in the first one we used a temperature of 63 °C to produce Se2- ions and in the second one an interaction temperature of 49 °C. The samples were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). From the SEM micrographs it was possible to identify the thorns formation and irregular islands. STM micrographs reveal elliptical shapes with a regular electron cloud profile.

Development of Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery System of Propranolol Hydrochloride Using Aster ericoides Mucilage

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
Ankaj Kaundal ◽  
Pravin Kumar ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi ◽  
Giriraj T. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Aster Ericoides ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Buccal Tablet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Volunteer Group

Aim: The study was aimed to develop mucoadhesive buccal tablets using Aster ericoides leaves mucilage. Background : Mucilages are naturally occurring high-molecular-weight polyuronides, which have been extensively studied for their application in different pharmaceutical dosage forms. Objective: The objective of the present research was to establish the mucilage isolated from the leaves of Aster ericoides as an excipient for the formulation of the mucoadhesive buccal tablet. Method: The mucilage was isolated from the leaves of Aster ericoides by maceration, precipitated with acetone and characterized. Tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique and evaluated for various official tests. Results: The mucilage was found to be non-toxic on A-431 and Vero cell lines. It was insoluble but swellable in cold and hot water. The results indicate that mucilage can form a three-dimensional network. The pH of the mucilage (6.82 ± 0.13) indicated that it might be non-irritant to the buccal cavity. The mucilage was found to be free from microbes. The release of drug was by Fickian diffusion. The in vivo buccal tablet acceptance was 80%. No significant difference between the diastolic blood pressure of standard and Aster tablets treated volunteer group was recorded. Conclusion: The mucilage was found to be non-toxic on A-431 and Vero cell lines. It was insoluble but swellable in cold and hot water. The results indicate that mucilage can form a three-dimensional network. The pH of the mucilage (6.82 ± 0.13) indicated that it might be non-irritant to the buccal cavity. The mucilage was found to be free from microbes. The release of drug was by Fickian diffusion. The in vivo buccal tablet acceptance was 80%. No significant difference between the diastolic blood pressure of standard and Aster tablets treated volunteer group was recorded. Other: However, to prove the potency of the polymer, in vivo bioavailability studies in human volunteers are needed along with chronic toxicity studies in suitable animal models.

scholarly journals Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis as a Valorization Route of Italian Green Pepper Waste to Delivery Free Sugars

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1640
Author(s):  
M.A. Martín-Lara ◽  
L. Chica-Redecillas ◽  
A. Pérez ◽  
G. Blázquez ◽  
G. Garcia-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment ◽  
Liquid Hot Water ◽  
Water Pretreatment ◽  
Hot Water Pretreatment

In this work, liquid hot water pretreatment (autohydrolysis) was used to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of a commonly consumed vegetable waste in Spain, Italian green pepper, to finally produce fermentable sugars. Firstly, the effect of temperature and contact time on sugar recovery during pretreatment (in insoluble solid and liquid fraction) was studied in detail. Then, enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial cellulase was performed with the insoluble solid resulting from pretreatment. The objective was to compare results with and without pretreatment. The results showed that the pretreatment step was effective to facilitate the sugars release in enzymatic hydrolysis, increasing the global sugar yield. This was especially notable when pretreatment was carried out at 180 °C for 40 min for glucose yields. In these conditions a global glucose yield of 61.02% was obtained. In addition, very low concentrations of phenolic compounds (ranging from 69.12 to 82.24 mg/L) were found in the liquid fraction from enzymatic hydrolysis, decreasing the possibility of fermentation inhibition produced by these components. Results showed that Italian green pepper is an interesting feedstock to obtain free sugars and prevent the enormous quantity of this food waste discarded annually.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature on spontaneous action potential discharge of the isolated sinus venosus from winter and summer plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Harper ◽  
I P Newton ◽  
P W Watt
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Cardiac Pacemaker ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pacemaker Activity ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Diastolic Depolarization ◽  
Significant Difference

The spontaneous cardiac pacemaker activity and conformation were recorded in vitro, using intracellular recording methods, from heart tissue of summer- and winter-caught plaice. The effects of changing temperature on the pacemaker rate, duration of action potential and diastolic depolarization were investigated by altering the temperature of the superfusing medium. The resting intrinsic rate of discharge was significantly greater in pacemaker cells from winter plaice (P=0.05), but there was no significant difference between winter and summer fish in the apparent Arrhenius activation energies for this process. However, there was a significant difference in the estimated intercept, indicating a thermal shift in the processes underlying the spontaneous pacemaker rhythm. There was no significant difference in the diastolic depolarization duration recorded from winter and summer fish over the temperature range 4&shy;22 &deg;C. The major effect of previous environmental temperature was on the duration of the action potential (P&lt;0.02), indicating that the observed changes in pacemaker discharge rate were not influenced by the processes that determine the duration of the pacemaker diastolic depolarisation but were modulated by the channel events that give rise to the action potential.

scholarly journals Freshwater aquatic invertebrates on the Isle of May, Scotland

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
C.R. Macadam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrates ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrate ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

The invertebrate fauna of freshwater habitats on the Isle of May, Scotland was investigated and compared with the results from surveys undertaken in 1958. Overall, the freshwater invertebrate fauna appears to be diminished. However, several species were recorded as new to the Isle of May. Although the reasons for the apparent decline in freshwater invertebrates on the island are unclear, an increase in the temporary nature of the habitats due to climate warming may be a contributing factor.

scholarly journals Environmental Temperatures Affect the Gastrointestinal Microbes of the Chinese Giant Salamander

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifeng Zhu ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Tian Zhao ◽  
Hua Chen ◽  
Chunlin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Unweighted Unifrac ◽  
Sample Time

An increasing number of studies have shown that warming also influences the animal gut microbiome (altering the community structure and decreasing its diversity), which might further impact host fitness. Here, based on an analysis of the stomach and gut (the entire intestine: from the anterior intestine to the cloaca) microbiome in laboratory larva of giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus) under different living water temperatures (5, 15, and 25°C) at two sample time points (80 and 330 days after the acclimation), we investigated the potential effect of temperature on the gastrointestinal microbiome community. We found the significant Interaction between sampling time and temperature, or type (stomach and gut) on Shannon index in the gastrointestinal microbiome of the giant salamanders. We also found the significant difference in Shannon index among temperature groups within the same sample type (stomach or gut) at each sample time. 10% of variation in microbiome community could be explained by temperature alone in the total samples. Both the stomach and gut microbiomes displayed the highest similarity in the microbiome community (significantly lowest pairwise unweighted Unifrac distance) in the 25-degree group between the two sampling times compared to those in the 5-degree and 15-degree groups. Moreover, the salamanders in the 25°C treatment showed the highest food intake and body mess compared to that of other temperature treatments. A significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes in the gastrointestinal microbiome on day 330 with increasing temperatures might be caused by increased host metabolism and food consumption. Therefore, we speculate that the high environmental temperature might indirectly affect both alpha and beta diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature and Humidity May Reduce the Growth Rate of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Jiani Shao ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: The effects of temperature and humidity on the epidemic growth of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)remains unclear.Methods: Daily scatter plots between the epidemic growth rate (GR) and average temperature (AT) or average relative humidity (ARH) were presented with curve fitting through the “loess” method. The heterogeneity across days and provinces were calculated to assess the necessity of using a longitudinal model. Fixed effect models with polynomial terms were developed to quantify the relationship between variations in the GR and AT or ARH.Results: An increased AT dramatically reduced the GR when the AT was lower than −5°C, the GR was moderately reduced when the AT ranged from −5°C to 15°C, and the GR increased when the AT exceeded 15°C. An increasedARH increased theGR when the ARH was lower than 72% and reduced theGR when the ARH exceeded 72%.Conclusions: High temperatures and low humidity may reduce the GR of the COVID-19 epidemic. The temperature and humidity curves were not linearly associated with the COVID-19 GR.

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