scholarly journals Effects of temperature of plant cultivation on plant palatability modify species response to novel climate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Dostálek ◽  
Maan Bahadur Rokaya ◽  
Zuzana Münzbergová
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Indirect Impacts

AbstractClimate warming is expected to strengthen the plant-herbivore interactions and thus increase the plant consumption rate. However, indirect impacts of temperature (acting via changes in host plant quality) on herbivore performance have only rarely been studied, and therefore, the net effect of temperature change is difficult to predict. We thus tested the effects of temperature on plant palatability and assessed whether the effects can be explained by changes in leaf traits.We conducted multi-choice feeding experiments with six species of the genus Impatiens cultivated at three different temperatures in the growth chambers and in the experimental garden and also studied changes in leaf morphology and chemistry.The leaves of Impatiens species were most eaten when cultivated in the temperature predicted by climate warming scenario. We found the traits related to leaf morphology (SLA, LDMC and leaf size) partly mediated the effects of temperature on leaf herbivore damage. Herbivores preferred smaller leaves with lower SLA and higher LDMC values. Results of our study suggested that elevated temperature will lead to change in leaf traits and increase their palatability. This will further enhance the levels of herbivory caused by increased herbivore pressure under climate warming.

Effect of temperature on embryonic development of Melanotaenia boesemani (Allen and Cross, 1982)

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Costa Radael ◽  
Leonardo Demier Cardoso ◽  
Dalcio Ricardo de Andrade ◽  
André Veloso Ferreira ◽  
Douglas da Cruz Mattos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Faster Development

SummaryThe present study aimed to provide data on the time required for Melanotaenia boesemani to complete embryonic development, and to investigate the influence that incubation at different temperatures caused in this species. The effects of temperature on the time and hatching rate are presented, as well as information related to embryonic development stages. After fertilization, the eggs were kept in incubators at 23, 26, 29 or 32°C and observed at predetermined times until the moment of hatching. Stages of development were identified and classified according to morphological and physiological characteristics. Oil droplets were visualized inside the eggs as well as filament adhesion present at the chorion. Embryonic development was similar to that observed in other species of the genus Melanotaenia with hatching and faster development in higher temperatures.

Effect of Temperature and Water Immersion on the Mechanical Properties of Coated Fabrics

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Ying Ying Zhang ◽  
Qi Lin Zhang ◽  
Chuan Zhi Zhou ◽  
Ying Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Induction ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Increasing Temperature

As composite, the mechanical properties of coated fabrics are sensitive to environment. This paper presented mechanical properties under different environments. A list of uniaxial tests are carried out under different temperatures including -20°C, 0°C, 23°C, 50°C, and 70°C. First, the tensile behaviors at room temperature and the failure behaviors are studied. Then, the effects of temperature on mechanical properties are determined. Finally, the effects of water immersion on mechanical properties are discussed. Results show PTFE coated fabrics remained unchanged in varying temperature and humidity. The temperature has effects on the mechanical properties of PVC coated fabrics. With increasing temperature, the strength decrease and the strain at break increase. The temperature induction factors are proposed for the design and analysis. The water immersion has little effect on the mechanical properties because of the impervious coating.

Influence of temperature on the activity of anammox granular biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 2518-2525 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sobotka ◽  
K. Czerwionka ◽  
J. Makinia
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Granular Biomass

The aim of this study was to determine a short-term and long-term effect of temperature on the anammox rate and determination of temperature coefficients in the Arrhenius and Ratkowsky equations. The short-term effects of temperature on the anammox granular biomass were investigated in batch tests at ten different temperatures in the range of 10–55 °C. The maximum overall nitrogen removal rate of 1.3 gN gVSS−1·d−1 was observed at 40 °C (VSS: volatile suspended solids). The minimum rate, close to 0 gN gVSS−1·d−1, was observed for the limits of the analyzed temperature range (10 and 55 °C). The activity tests carried out at 55 °C showed an irreversible loss of the activity due to the observed biomass lysis. Subsequently to the batch tests, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated at different temperatures (from 30 to 11 °C) to determine the long-term effects of temperature. The system was successfully operated at 15 °C, but when temperature was decreased to 11 °C, nitrite started to accumulate and the system lost its stability. The temperature coefficient (θ) was 1.07 for the batch tests carried out in the temperature range of 10–40 °C. In contrast, during the long-term SBR operation, substantially different θ had to be estimated for two temperature ranges, 1.07 (T = 15–30 °C) and 1.65 (T = 11–15 °C).

scholarly journals Diving in hot water: a meta-analytic review of how diving vertebrate ectotherms will fare in a warmer world

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. jeb228213
Author(s):  
Essie M. Rodgers ◽  
Craig E. Franklin ◽  
Daniel W. A. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Ectothermic Vertebrate ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

ABSTRACTDiving ectothermic vertebrates are an important component of many aquatic ecosystems, but the threat of climate warming is particularly salient to this group. Dive durations typically decrease as water temperatures rise; yet, we lack an understanding of whether this trend is apparent in all diving ectotherms and how this group will fare under climate warming. We compiled data from 27 studies on 20 ectothermic vertebrate species to quantify the effect of temperature on dive durations. Using meta-analytic approaches, we show that, on average, dive durations decreased by 11% with every 1°C increase in water temperature. Larger increases in temperature (e.g. +3°C versus +8–9°C) exerted stronger effects on dive durations. Although species that respire bimodally are projected to be more resilient to the effects of temperature on dive durations than purely aerial breathers, we found no significant difference between these groups. Body mass had a weak impact on mean dive durations, with smaller divers being impacted by temperature more strongly. Few studies have examined thermal phenotypic plasticity (N=4) in diving ectotherms, and all report limited plasticity. Average water temperatures in marine and freshwater habitats are projected to increase between 1.5 and 4°C in the next century, and our data suggest that this magnitude of warming could translate to substantial decreases in dive durations, by approximately 16–44%. Together, these data shed light on an overlooked threat to diving ectothermic vertebrates and suggest that time available for underwater activities, such as predator avoidance and foraging, may be shortened under future warming.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DENGUE VIRUS LOAD ON DENGUE TRANSMISSION

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550027 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOURDES ESTEVA ◽  
HYUN MO YANG
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Nonzero Equilibrium

In this study, we propose a model to assess the effect of temperature on the incidence of dengue fever. For this, we take into account the dependence of the entomological and epidemiological parameters of the transmitter vector Aedes aegypti with respect to the temperature. The model consists of an ODE system that describes the transmission between humans and mosquitoes considering the aquatic stage of the vector population. The qualitative analysis of the model is made in terms of the parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which represent the basic offspring of mosquitoes, and the basic reproductive number of the disease, respectively. If [Formula: see text] mosquito population extinguishes while for [Formula: see text] it tends asymptotically to a nonzero equilibrium. Analogously, the disease transmission is eliminated if [Formula: see text], and it approaches an endemic equilibrium for [Formula: see text]. Using entomological data of mosquitoes as well as experimental data of disease transmission we evaluate [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at different temperatures, obtaining that around [Formula: see text]C both parameters attain their maximum. Sensitivity analysis reveals that infection rates and mosquito mortality are the parameters for which [Formula: see text] is more sensitive.

scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature and Salinity Stressors on the Survival, Condition, and Valve Closure of the Manila Clam, Venerupis philippinarum in a Holding Facility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeonmi Bae ◽  
Jibin Im ◽  
Soobin Joo ◽  
Boongho Cho ◽  
Taewon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Manila Clam ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Valve Closure ◽  
Salinity Fluctuation ◽  
Venerupis Philippinarum ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Salinity Changes ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Survival Condition

We investigated the response of the Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum to possible temperature and salinity changes in a holding facility. First, clams were exposed to four temperatures for 15 days. Valve closure and survival of clams exposed to seawater at 18℃ were higher than that of those exposed to seawater at 24℃. Second, clams were exposed to six salinities for 15 days. Survival of clams exposed to two salinity fluctuation conditions (24–30 and 27–24 psu) was lower than that of clams exposed to constant 30 psu conditions. Valve closures of clams exposed to constant low salinity conditions (24 psu) and two salinity fluctuation conditions (24–30 and 27–24 psu) were higher than of those exposed to constant 30 psu conditions. Lastly, clams were exposed to two different temperatures and three different salinities conditions for 8 days. Valve closure and survival decreased significantly under the combination of 24℃ and 18 psu. These results suggest that an increase in temperature or a wider range of salinity fluctuations are detrimental to the survival of the Manila clam. The synergistic effect of temperature and salinity stressors may decrease the survival period of clams compared to the effect of a single stressor.

Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Measuring Ionization Current Inside Contaminated Pipes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingchuan Li ◽  
Xianguo Tuo ◽  
Mingzhe Liu ◽  
Jun Ren ◽  
Qibiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

This paper reported the experimental results of ion current under different temperatures and relative humidity using long range alpha detector (LRAD). An approximation relation between the measuring values, temperatures and relative humidity has been obtained using the linear multiple regression method. The experimental results have shown that the measuring values decrease with the increase of temperature and humidity. The influence of humidity on results outweighs that of temperatures. And both temperature and humidity are obviously negative correlated with measured values. Further experiments will be performed to confirm the coupling effects of temperature and humidity and reported later.

Studies on the Toxicity of insecticide Films. II.—Effect of Temperature on the Toxicity of DDT Films

1949 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Insecticidal Action ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Toxicity Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

1. A series of exploratory experiments on the relationship between temperature and toxicity of DDT films to adults of Tribolium castaneum, and larvae of Plutella maculipennis, are described. The main conclusions with T. castaneum are:—(a) When the insects are continuously kept on the film at different temperatures there is a higher kill at higher temperatures.(b) When the insects are exposed to the film for about 24 hours at the same temperature and then kept away from it at different temperatures there is a higher kill at the lower temperature.(c) When the insects are kept on the film at different temperatures for about 24 hours and then kept away from the film for reaction at the same temperature, there is a higher kill in those kept on the film at the higher temperature.(a) and (b) above apply equally to larvae of P. maculipennis but (c) is reversed. The probable cause of this reversal appears to be the observed fact that at higher temperatures these larvae cover the film with much more silk thread and thus avoid contact to a greater extent than at lower temperatures.2. A review of literature, in the light of the conclusions arrived at, indicate that many of the observations made upon the temperature-toxicity relationship can be accounted for by the following generalisations:—(a) Insect resistance to poisons changes with temperature as do its other vital activities, increasing up to a critical degree and afterwards declining.(b) The amount of poison reaching the site of action in unit time also varies with the temperature, generally but not always, increasing with its rise. Insect activity, especially locomotor and respiratory, may play an important part in these effects.(c) The apparent effects of temperature on insecticidal action is the combination of these two factors, namely, resistance and pick-up.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on tissue–diet isotopic spacing of nitrogen and carbon in otolith organic matter

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Godiksen ◽  
Ming-Tsung Chung ◽  
Arild Folkvord ◽  
Peter Grønkjær
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Rearing Experiment

Reconstruction of the trophic position of a fish can be performed by analysing stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes in otolith protein. However, ambient temperature may affect the tissue–diet isotopic spacing of stable isotopes from diet to predator tissue and bias estimates of trophic position. To test this, otolith protein, heart and muscle tissue from a rearing experiment with juvenile cod held at different temperatures (4, 7, 10 and 14°C) were analysed. There was no significant effect of temperature on otolith δ15N, whereas muscle and heart exhibited a slight decrease in δ15N values with increasing temperature corresponding to maximum of 0.6‰ over the 10°C range. By contrast, the otolith protein δ13C values at 4 and 7°C were significantly higher than for 10 and 14°C, suggesting an approximate 1‰ increased tissue–diet enrichment at the lower temperatures. Temperature had no significant effect on muscle and heart δ13C values. Considering the annual mean variation in ocean temperatures, our results indicate that the trophic signals recorded in the otoliths will reflect changes in diet isotope values with little bias from the ambient temperature experienced by the fish.

scholarly journals Response of Leaf Traits of Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Broad-Leaved Woody Plants to Climatic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Kang ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Jieyang Zhou ◽  
Shiting Zhang ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Plant ecologists have long been interested in quantifying how leaf traits vary with climate factors, but there is a paucity of knowledge on these relationships given a large number of the relevant leaf traits and climate factors to be considered. We examined the responses of 11 leaf traits (including leaf morphology, stomatal structure and chemical properties) to eight common climate factors for 340 eastern Qinghai-Tibetan woody species. We showed temperature as the strongest predictor of leaf size and shape, stomatal size and form, and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, implying the important role of local heat quantity in determining the variation in the cell- or organ-level leaf morphology and leaf biochemical properties. The effects of moisture-related climate factors (including precipitation and humidity) on leaf growth were mainly through variability in leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area and stomatal density) related to plant water-use physiological processes. In contrast, sunshine hours affected mainly cell- and organ-level leaf size and shape, with plants developing small/narrow leaves and stomata to decrease leaf damage and water loss under prolonged solar radiation. Moreover, two sets of significant leaf trait-climate relationships, i.e., the leaf/stomata size traits co-varying with temperature, and the water use-related leaf traits co-varying with precipitation, were obtained when analyzing multi-trait relationships, suggesting these traits as good indicators of climate gradients. Our findings contributed evidence to enhance understanding of the regional patterns in leaf trait variation and its environmental determinants.

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