scholarly journals Early-life hypoxia alters adult physiology and reduces stress resistance and lifespan in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (22) ◽  
pp. jeb226027
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Polan ◽  
Mohammed Alansari ◽  
Byoungchun Lee ◽  
Savraj S. Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Starvation Stress ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Tor Kinase

ABSTRACTIn many animals, short-term fluctuations in environmental conditions in early life often exert long-term effects on adult physiology. In Drosophila, one ecologically relevant environmental variable is hypoxia. Drosophila larvae live on rotting, fermenting food rich in microorganisms, an environment characterized by low ambient oxygen. They have therefore evolved to tolerate hypoxia. Although the acute effects of hypoxia in larvae have been well studied, whether early-life hypoxia affects adult physiology and fitness is less clear. Here, we show that Drosophila exposed to hypoxia during their larval period subsequently show reduced starvation stress resistance and shorter lifespan as adults, with these effects being stronger in males. We find that these effects are associated with reduced whole-body insulin signaling but elevated TOR kinase activity, a manipulation known to reduce lifespan. We also identify a sexually dimorphic effect of larval hypoxia on adult nutrient storage and mobilization. Thus, we find that males, but not females, show elevated levels of lipids and glycogen. Moreover, we see that both males and females exposed to hypoxia as larvae show defective lipid mobilization upon starvation stress as adults. These data demonstrate how early-life hypoxia can exert persistent, sexually dimorphic, long-term effects on Drosophila adult physiology and lifespan.

scholarly journals Early-life hypoxia alters adult physiology and reduces stress resistance and lifespan in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Polan ◽  
Mohammad Alansari ◽  
Byoungchun Lee ◽  
Savraj Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Starvation Stress ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Tor Kinase

ABSTRACTIn many animals, short-term fluctuations in environmental conditions in early life often exert long-term effects on adult physiology. In Drosophila, one ecologically relevant environmental variable is hypoxia. Drosophila larvae live on rotting, fermenting food rich in microorganisms – an environment characterized by low ambient oxygen. They have therefore evolved to tolerate hypoxia. While the acute effects of hypoxia in larvae have been well studied, whether early-life hypoxia affects adult physiology and fitness is less clear. Here we show that Drosophila exposed to hypoxia during their larval period subsequently show reduced starvation stress resistance and shorter lifespan as adults, with these effects being stronger in males. We find that these effects are associated with reduced whole-body insulin signaling but elevated TOR kinase activity, a manipulation known to reduce lifespan. We also identify a sexually dimorphic effect of larval hypoxia on adult nutrient storage and mobilization. Thus, we find that males, but not females, showing elevated levels of lipids and glycogen. Moreover, we see that both males and females exposed to hypoxia as larvae show defective lipid mobilization upon starvation stress as adults. These data show how early-life hypoxia can exert persistent, sexually dimorphic, long-term effects on Drosophila adult physiology and lifespan.

Sexually dimorphic long-term effects of an early life experience on AMPA receptor subunit expression in rat brain

Neuroscience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Katsouli ◽  
A. Stamatakis ◽  
P. Giompres ◽  
E.D. Kouvelas ◽  
F. Stylianopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ampa Receptor ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Experience ◽  
Ampa Receptor Subunit ◽  
Subunit Expression

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals Transitional Cell Carcinomas of the Urinary Tract in a Colony of Beagle Dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nikula ◽  
S. A. Benjamin ◽  
G. M. Angleton ◽  
A. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Transitional Cell ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microscopic Features

Gross and light microscopic features of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary tract were examined in Beagle dogs used for the study of the long-term effects of low-dose, whole-body, 60Co gamma radiation. Thirty-eight cases of TCC occurred among 990 dogs that were from 0 to 14 years of age. There was no conclusive evidence of a radiation effect. The 38 TCC were equally divided between male and female dogs, but there was a significant difference in the sex distribution of urethra-origin TCC. Eleven males had a primary urethral TCC compared to only two females. There was no significant difference between the urethra-origin and bladder-origin TCCs in the number of tumors that caused clinical signs, metastasized, or that contributed to the death of the dog. All cases of urethral TCC in male dogs occurred in the prostatic urethra. The majority of these cases were not recognized to be neoplasms at gross necropsy, but microscopic examination revealed the TCC. Our findings differ from previous reports stating that TCC occurs more frequently in female than male dogs, and they especially differ from reports claiming that urethra-origin TCC is predominately a disease of female dogs.

Long term effects of early life stress on HPA circuit in rodent models

2021 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 111125
Author(s):  
Lucy Babicola ◽  
Rossella Ventura ◽  
Sebastian Luca D'Addario ◽  
Donald Ielpo ◽  
Diego Andolina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-term effects of early life stress on the brain monoamines level in the rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
R. Ghalamghash ◽  
H.Z. Mammedov ◽  
H. Ashayeri ◽  
A. Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
The Brain

Long-term effects of early pain and injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Orla Moriarty ◽  
Suellen M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Noxious Stimuli ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Nociceptive pathways are functional following birth, and acute responses to noxious stimuli have been documented from early in development in clinical and laboratory studies. The ability of noxious afferent input to alter the level of sensitivity of nociceptive pathways in the adult nervous system, with, for example, the development of central sensitization, is well established. However, the developing nervous system has additional susceptibilities to alterations in neural activity, and pain in early life may produce effects not seen following the same input at older ages. As a result, early tissue injury may lead to persistent changes in somatosensory processing and altered sensitivity to future noxious stimuli. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that neonatal pain can result in long-term changes in cognitive and affective behavior. Effects of pain in early life are superimposed on a highly plastic developing system, and long-term outcomes vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, and on the evaluation methods used. Laboratory studies allow evaluation of different injuries, potential confounding factors, underlying mechanisms, and potential analgesic modulation.

scholarly journals Developmental conditions modulate DNA methylation at the glucocorticoid receptor gene with cascading effects on expression and corticosterone levels in zebra finches

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Jimeno ◽  
Michaela Hau ◽  
Elena Gómez-Díaz ◽  
Simon Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ◽  
Developmental Conditions

Abstract Developmental conditions can impact the adult phenotype via epigenetic changes that modulate gene expression. In mammals, methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene Nr3c1 has been implicated as mediator of long-term effects of developmental conditions, but this evidence is limited to humans and rodents, and few studies have simultaneously tested for associations between DNA methylation, gene expression and phenotype. Adverse environmental conditions during early life (large natal brood size) or adulthood (high foraging costs) exert multiple long-term phenotypic effects in zebra finches, and we here test for effects of these manipulations on DNA methylation and expression of the Nr3c1 gene in blood. Having been reared in a large brood induced higher DNA methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region in adulthood, and this effect persisted over years. Nr3c1 expression was negatively correlated with methylation at 2 out of 8 CpG sites, and was lower in hard foraging conditions, despite foraging conditions having no effect on Nr3c1 methylation at our target region. Nr3c1 expression also correlated with glucocorticoid traits: higher expression level was associated with lower plasma baseline corticosterone concentrations and enhanced corticosterone reactivity. Our results suggest that methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region can contribute to the mechanisms underlying the emergence of long-term effects of developmental conditions in birds, but in our system current adversity dominated over early life experiences with respect to receptor expression.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of Early Life Stress on the Modulation of miR-19 Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Mazzelli ◽  
Carlo Maj ◽  
Nicole Mariani ◽  
Cristina Mora ◽  
Veronica Begni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Effects

Chemical Protection against the Long-Term Effects of a Single Whole-Body Exposure of Mice to Ionizing Radiation: II. Causes of Death

1978 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Maisin ◽  
A. Declève ◽  
G. B. Gerber ◽  
G. Mattelin ◽  
M. Lambiet-Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Chemical Protection
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