scholarly journals Volitional control of social vocalisations and vocal usage learning in bats

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb180729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Z. Lattenkamp ◽  
Sonja C. Vernes ◽  
Lutz Wiegrebe
Keyword(s):  
Volitional Control ◽  
Usage Learning

scholarly journals Endogenous orienting in the archer fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. 7577-7581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Saban ◽  
Liora Sekely ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Endogenous Orienting ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Human Participants

The literature has long emphasized the neocortex’s role in volitional processes. In this work, we examined endogenous orienting in an evolutionarily older species, the archer fish, which lacks neocortex-like cells. We used Posner’s classic endogenous cuing task, in which a centrally presented, spatially informative cue is followed by a target. The fish responded to the target by shooting a stream of water at it. Interestingly, the fish demonstrated a human-like “volitional” facilitation effect: their reaction times to targets that appeared on the side indicated by the precue were faster than their reaction times to targets on the opposite side. The fish also exhibited inhibition of return, an aftermath of orienting that commonly emerges only in reflexive orienting tasks in human participants. We believe that this pattern demonstrates the acquisition of an arbitrary connection between spatial orienting and a nonspatial feature of a centrally presented stimulus in nonprimate species. In the literature on human attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volitional control. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of orienting, and for the study of volitional processes in all species, including humans.

Increasing Student Learning Through Volitional Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 1695-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin J. Mccann ◽  
Jeannine E. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Increasing Student Learning

Is the ‘Mere Equity’ to Rescind a Legal Power? Unpacking Hohfeld’s Concept of ‘Volitional Control’

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Legal Change ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Legal Power ◽  
The Law

Abstract Private lawyers owe a particular debt of gratitude to Hohfeld, given their widespread use of his scheme. An example is equitable rescission, where the entitlement to rescind a voidable transfer is now widely understood to be a Hohfeldian legal power. Yet, though scholars have been quick to use Hohfeld’s concept of legal power, they have given little sustained thought to what he meant by ‘volitional control’ and how we might identify it within the law. The result is that certain areas of law have been mislabelled as ‘power conferring’, most notably equitable rescission. This article seeks to unpack Hohfeld’s concept of ‘volitional control’ as terminological shorthand for the coincidence of two distinct elements: (i) the power holder’s normative intention to effect the relevant legal change; and (ii) her decision to effect that change as exhibited in power-exercising conduct. By these lights, the rescinding claimant does not have a legal power to rescind.

Pharyngeal swallowing elicited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. G347-G354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pouderoux ◽  
J. A. Logemann ◽  
P. J. Kahrilas
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fluid Infusion ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing ◽  
Temperature Water

Nonalimentary swallows minimize aspiration by clearing accumulated fluid from the pharynx. This study aimed to define 1) the pharyngeal sensory field to elicit swallowing and 2) the effect of infusion rate, volition, taste, and temperature on pharyngeal swallows. Test solutions were directed into the valleculae at 6.5, 11.5, and 32 ml/min through a catheter in eight healthy volunteers. Deglutition was signaled with electromyography and electroglottography. Spatial distribution of infusate before swallowing was studied using videofluoroscopy coupled with a video timer. Volitional control was assessed with rapid or restrained swallows. Pharyngeal swallow latency decreased as the instillation rate increased, was potently modified with volition, and was unchanged by infusate taste or temperature. Water infusion into the valleculae did not trigger pharyngeal swallowing until liquids overflowed and reached the aryepiglottic folds or pyriform sinuses. The variation in swallow latency among flow rates was mainly due to the duration of liquid containment within the valleculae. This suggests that the valleculae act to contain pharyngeal secretions and residue and prevent aspiration by diverting their contents around the larynx before swallowing.

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