scholarly journals The Effect of Testis Hormone on the Preservation of Sperm Life in the Vas Deferens of the Fowl

1938 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
S. S. MUNRO
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Mature Sperm ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Ductus Deferens ◽  
Fertilizing Ability ◽  
Positive Effect

1. Mature sperm in the isolated ductus deferens of the fowl retain the capacity for movement in physiological saline for an average period of 26 or 28 days and a maximum of slightly more than 30 days, irrespective of the presence or absence of functional testicular tissue. Considering that sperm lose fertilizing ability before motility, this time accords closely with the reported survival of fertility in the hen after segregation from the cock. 2. While thus showing that testis hormone is not directly concerned with the maintenance of sperm life in the excurrent reproductive ducts of the fowl and suggesting that its positive effect in mammals is likewise indirect, it does not preclude the possibility that its action is expressed indirectly only through the epididymis. 3. The fact that the epididymis in the fowl is rather a vestigial organ and does not act as a storehouse for sperm makes it clear that in any case a physiologically controlled sperm-preserving mechanism plays no important role in the economy of reproduction in the fowl. 4. It is suggested that the nature of the demands made upon the supply of sperm in ducts of the males, as a consequence of the evolution of the sexual cycle in their respective females, satisfactorily accounts for the wide divergence in degree of epididymal development between Aves and Mammalia. Such demands, if in fact responsible for the divergence, have probably conferred advantages on well-equipped males and have most likely been produced through the agency of natural selection.

Electric Activity of the Testicular Tunica Albuginea During Ejaculation: A Canine Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (8) ◽  
pp. 569-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Shafik ◽  
Olfat El Sibai ◽  
Ali A. Shafik
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Tunica Albuginea ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Wave Variables ◽  
Resting Tone ◽  
Canine Study ◽  
Electric Waves

We have shown in previous studies that electric waves at rest could be recorded from the testicle and originate from the tunica albuginea (TA) and not from the testicular tissue. In the current study, we investigated the hypothesis that the electric activity of the TA increases during ejaculation. Three electrodes were sutured to the TAs of 11 anesthetized male dogs. The slow waves were recorded at rest and on inducing ejaculation by an ejaculator applied to the glans penis. Basal electric waves were recorded from the testicle. Each wave consisted of a negative followed by a positive deflection with a mean frequency of 6.2 ± 1.3 cycles/min, an amplitude of 0.59 ± 0.06 mV, and a conduction velocity of 5.2 ± 0.8 cm/sec. These wave variables showed a significant intermittent increase (P < 0.05) at intervals of 0.6–1.0 sees and occurred simultaneously with the bouts of ejaculation. The increase remained for 0.8–1.2 sees at each ejaculation bout. The number of bouts of increased electric waves varied from 3 to 5. Apparently, the TA is not an inert covering to the testicle, but it seems to have a functional activity. Recording resting electric waves of the TA presumably denotes that the TA possesses a resting tone that appears to support the testicular tissue. During ejaculation, the increased electric activity of the TA, which coincides with semen spurt episodes, presumably denotes TA contraction. The intermittent TA contractions seem to assist in massaging the testicular secretions to the epididymis and the vas deferens and augment testicular circulation. The effect of pathologic conditions of the TA on ejaculation needs to be studied.

scholarly journals Signs of ROS-Associated Autophagy in Testis and Sperm in a Rat Model of Varicocele

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Sadeghi ◽  
Naeem Erfani-Majd ◽  
Marziyeh Tavalaee ◽  
Mohammad R. Tabandeh ◽  
Joël R. Drevet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Count ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Mature Sperm ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Surgical Model ◽  
Cellular Autophagy ◽  
Pathological Situation

Since autophagy was suspected to occur in the pathological situation of varicocele (VCL), we have attempted to confirm it here using a surgical model of varicocele-induced rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups (varicocele/sham/control) and analyzed two months after the induction of varicocele. Testicular tissue sections and epididymal mature sperm were then monitored for classic features of varicocele, including disturbance of spermatogenesis, impaired testicular carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, decreased sperm count, increased sperm nuclear immaturity and DNA damage, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. At the same time, we evaluated the Atg7 protein content and LC3-II/LC3-1 protein ratio in testis and mature sperm cells, two typical markers of early and late cellular autophagy, respectively. We report here that testis and mature sperm show higher signs of autophagy in the varicocele group than in the control and sham groups, probably to try to mitigate the consequences of VCL on the testis and germ cells.

Echinochrome Pigment Improves Male Rats' Fertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neveen Asmet Farag ◽  
Ayman S Mohamed ◽  
Hanan Farag El Sayed ◽  
Eman Y. Salah EL-Din ◽  
Abdel Rahman A. Tawfik
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Count ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Positive Effect

Background:: Infertility is the first-rate public health trouble affecting one in five married couples globally, male causes embody a significant proportion. Natural products could be an alternative or complementary inexpensive treatment for such matters. Echinochrome (Ech) is a natural quinone pigment obtained from sea urchin, and it was confirmed to possess many pharmacological properties due to its chemical activity. Objective:: The current research paper was targeted to evaluate the potential effects of Ech on male fertility, and to highlight the possible involved mechanisms. Methods:: Eighteen adult male rats were randomly distributed into three groups: control (1 ml of 2% DMSO, p.o.), low dose Ech (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.), and high dose Ech (1 mg/kg p.o.). Results:: The high dose Ech caused a significant decline in the levels of glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, urea, Cr, uric acid, TG, TC and LDL-C and testicular tissue MDA, while it caused a significant rise in the levels of albumin, TP, HDL-C, FSH, LH, testosterone and testicular tissue GSH activity. Moreover, it showed a significant positive effect on the testis weight, caudal epididymis weight, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, fructose concentration, and α-glucosidase activity. However, no significant changes were observed in histological examination of testicular tissue among all groups. Conclusion:: High dose Ech improved male rat-fertility either directly by activating the pituitary gonadal axis, and or indirectly via enhancing: the renal and hepatic functions, the lipid profile and or the antioxidant pathways.

An Exception

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tyler Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Sexual System ◽  
Evolutionary Progress ◽  
Sexual Variation

This chapter discusses how the sexual cycle varies in a general way depending on the size and complexity of organisms. Natural selection has burnished the sexual system so that in each generation the degree of variation in the offspring is optimal—not too little and not too much—which allows natural selection to take place and makes evolutionary progress possible. However, in many simpler, small organisms this sexual variation-control mechanism can be turned on and off: periods of sexual reproduction will be interspersed with periods of asexual reproduction. In larger forms (with some rare exceptions) only the sexual route is possible. And it is only in the sexual cycle through recombination that the all-important controlled variation that is so essential for evolutionary progress is produced.

scholarly journals Royal Jelly Abrogates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Challenge in Mouse Testes: Involvement of the Nrf2 Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafa Almeer ◽  
Doaa Soliman ◽  
Rami Kassab ◽  
Gadah AlBasher ◽  
Saud Alarifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxidative Challenge

The current study examined the efficacy of royal jelly (RJ) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced testicular dysfunction. A total of 28 Swiss male mice were allocated into four groups (n = 7), and are listed as follows: (1) the control group, who was intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) for 7 days; (2) the RJ group, who was orally supplemented with RJ (85 mg/kg daily equivalent to 250 mg crude RJ) for 7 days; (3) the CdCl2 group, who was intraperitoneally injected with 6.5 mg/kg for 7 days; and (4) the fourth group, who was supplemented with RJ 1 h before CdCl2 injection for 7 days. Cd-intoxicated mice exhibited a decrease in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. A disturbance in the redox status in the testicular tissue was recorded, as presented by the increase in lipid peroxidation and nitrate/nitrite levels and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Moreover, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor (Nrf2) and their gene expression were inhibited. In addition, interleukin-1ß (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were elevated. Furthermore, Cd triggered an apoptotic cascade via upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Histopathological examination showed degenerative changes in spermatogenic cells, detachment of the spermatogenic epithelium from the basement membrane, and vacuolated seminiferous tubules. Decreased cell proliferation was reflected by a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Interestingly, RJ supplementation markedly minimized the biochemical and molecular histopathological changes in testes tissue in response to Cd exposure. The beneficial effects of RJ could be attributed to its antioxidative properties.

scholarly journals The Genomic Distribution of L1 Elements: The Role of Insertion Bias and Natural Selection

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Graham ◽  
Stephane Boissinot
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Genomic Distribution ◽  
Alu Elements ◽  
Ectopic Recombination ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Biased Distribution

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons constitute the most successful family of retroelements in mammals and account for as much as 20% of mammalian DNA. L1 elements can be found in all genomic regions but they are far more abundant in AT-rich, gene-poor, and low-recombining regions of the genome. In addition, the sex chromosomes and some genes seem disproportionately enriched in L1 elements. Insertion bias and selective processes can both account for this biased distribution of L1 elements. L1 elements do not appear to insert randomly in the genome and this insertion bias can at least partially explain the genomic distribution of L1. The contrasted distribution of L1 and Alu elements suggests that postinsertional processes play a major role in shaping L1 distribution. The most likely mechanism is the loss of recently integrated L1 elements that are deleterious (negative selection) either because of disruption of gene function or their ability to mediate ectopic recombination. By comparison, the retention of L1 elements because of some positive effect is limited to a small fraction of the genome. Understanding the respective importance of insertion bias and selection will require a better knowledge of insertion mechanisms and the dynamics of L1 inserts in populations.

THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND THE PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON THE VIABILITY OF HAMSTER SPERMATOZOA

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. LUBICZ-NAQROCKI ◽  
T. D. GLOVER
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Paradoxical Effect ◽  
Fertilizing Ability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sperm Survival

SUMMARY Spermatozoa in the ligatured cauda epididymidis of golden hamsters were tested for their fertilizing ability 12 days after hypophysectomy or after hypophysectomy and treatment with testosterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Fertility trials showed that the mean fertilization rate was reduced to approximately 65% of the control level, which contrasts sharply with the previously reported effects of castration, which led to the infertility of spermatozoa within 12 days as a result of androgen withdrawal. The present study showed that loss of fertilizing ability in hypophysectomized animals was also due to a decrease in circulating androgens since treatment with testosterone or HCG (10 or 40 i.u./day) prevented the adverse effect of hypophysectomy. However, there was some indication that sperm survival might also be directly or indirectly dependent, in part, on hypophysial hormones. While daily doses of HCG (10 or 40 i.u./day) maintained fertilizing ability in hypophysectomized animals, treatment with intermediate doses (especially 20 i.u./day) reduced the mean fertilization rate to 40·8%. This paradoxical effect of HCG on sperm survival was shown not to be mediated by the adrenal glands: the magnitude of the effect was related to the amount of testicular tissue present. Thus, when only one testis was present the adverse effect of 20 i.u. HCG/day was reduced by approximately half whereas the spermatozoa retained a high fertilizing ability in animals that were both castrated and hypophysectomized and treated with testosterone. It is suggested that the biphasic effect of HCG is due to the peripheral conversion of limited but significant amounts of circulating testicular androgens into oestrogens which antagonize the effect of testosterone in the epididymis. Attention is drawn to the possibility that specific dose levels of HCG might also be detrimental to sperm survival in the treatment with gonadotrophins of infertility in men.

THE INHIBITION OF FERTILIZING ABILITY OF EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE TO TESTOSTERONE-MAINTAINED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED OR CASTRATED HAMSTERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. LUBICZ-NAWROCKI
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Daily Treatment ◽  
Ductus Deferens ◽  
Fertilizing Ability ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Epididymal Spermatozoa ◽  
Cauda Epididymidis

SUMMARY Experiments were designed to discover if oestradiol benzoate induces loss of fertilizing ability of hamster epididymal spermatozoa by acting directly on the cauda epididymidis. Spermatozoa were retained in the cauda epididymidis by ligating the distal corpus epididymidis and proximal ductus deferens and fertilizing ability was compared in oestrogen-treated, intact hamsters and in castrated or hypophysectomized animals maintained with testosterone. Fertility tests showed that 12 daily s.c. injections of 3·5 or 5 μg oestradiol benzoate reduced fertilizing ability to 35·2 and 0%, respectively; supplementary testosterone did not prevent the adverse effect of oestrogen and reduced fertilizing ability was shown not to be related to a deficiency of circulating testosterone as judged by fructose concentration in the seminal vesicles. Daily treatment of androgen-maintained castrated or hypophysectomized hamsters with 3·5 μg oestradiol benzoate for 12 days reduced fertilizing ability to 43·7 and 31·3%, respectively. The results suggest that oestradiol benzoate reduces fertilizing ability in hamsters by acting directly on the cauda epididymidis and inhibiting the effect of testosterone.

scholarly journals The Administration of Epididymis Extract Increased the Testosterone Concentration without Affects the Dihydrotestosterone Concentration in Local Male Goat

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Yuliansyah ◽  
Muslim Akmal ◽  
Tongku Nizwan Siregar ◽  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Mahdi Abrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ductus Deferens ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Elisa Technique

This study was aimed to determine the effect of epididymis extract (EE) on the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level of local male goat. An experimental study was performed using a completely randomized design (CRD) pattern of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). 15 local male goats aged 1.5 years with body weight 14-16 kg were used in this study. The K0 group as a control group, injected with only 1 ml physiological saline, while each KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP4 groups treated with multilevel EE dose, ie 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml / goat for 13 consecutive days. At the end of treatment (day 14th), testes, epididymis (caput, corpus, and cauda) and ductus deferens samples were taken through the close-castration method for examining the testosterone and DHT concentration by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data gathered were later analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD in SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The result showed that the average concentration of testosterone on K0, KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP 4 in testis respectively were 10.00±2.64 ng/ml; 7.66±2.51 ng/ml; 10.00±6.55 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 11.66±7.37 ng/ml; caput epididymis; 5.00±1.73 ng/ml; 2.33±1.52 ng/ml; 5.00±2.64 ng/ml; 1.33±0.57 ng/ml; 5.66±1.15 ng/ml; corpus epididymis; 1.33±0.57 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 4.00±2.64 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 4.33±2.30 ng/ml; cauda epididymis: 1.00±0.00 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 1.66±0.57 ng/ml; 1.00 ± 0.00 ng/ml; 2.00±1.73 ng/ml; ductus deferens: 3.66±2.51 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 3.00±1.00 ng/ml; 1.00±0.00 ng/ml and 3.66±1.15 ng/ml. While the average concentration of DHT on K0, KP1, KP2, KP3, and KP 4 in testis respectively; 10.00±2.64 ng/ml; 7.66±2.51 ng/ml; 10.00±6.55 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 11.66±7.37 ng/ml; caput epididymis; 5.00±1.73 ng/ml; 2.33±1.52 ng/ml; 5.00±2.64 ng/ml; 1.33±0.57 ng/ml; 5.66±1.15 ng/ml; corpus epididymis; 1.33±0.57 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 4.00±2.64 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 4.33±2.30 ng/ml; cauda epididymis: 1.00±0.00 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 1.66±0.57 ng/ml; 1.00 ± 0.00 ng/ml; 2.00±1.73 ng/ml; ductus deferens: 3.66±2.51 ng/ml; 0.66±0.57 ng/ml; 3.00±1.00 ng/ml; 1.00±0.00 ng/ml and 3.66±1.15 ng/ml. Statistical analysis showed that the administration of EE only increased testosterone concentration in testes had significant effect (P< 0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that the EE has the potential to improve spermatogenesis and sperm quality through increasing the testosterone concentration in the local male goats.

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