scholarly journals Nervous Control of the Salivary Glands of the Carnivorous Mollusc Philine Aperta

1983 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-348
Author(s):  
ANDREW BARBER
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Excitatory Junction Potentials ◽  
Potential Activity

Evidence is presented to show that the electrical activity of the salivary glands of Philine aperta is controlled by two largely independent systems which elicit different responses from salivary acinar cells. The excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) recorded from salivary cells result from the activity of a pair of identified buccal ganglion neurones. Each of these salivary effector neurones innervates only the ipsilateral gland. The effector neurones are driven to fire by synaptic input which is timed to occur during the retraction phase of the feeding cycle. Gland cell excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) and action potentials appear to be mediated by a small group of peripheral neurones located at the base of each salivary gland. These cells give rise to a tract of fibres which cross to the contralateral gland and which may be responsible for communicating EPSP/action potential activity between the glands. The possible functions of the EJP and EPSP/spiking activities are discussed.

Control of the salivary glands of Helisoma by identified neurones

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
S. B. Kater ◽  
A. D. Murphy ◽  
J. R. Rued
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Exocrine Gland ◽  
Neural Regulation ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Glandular Cells

The neural regulation of an exocrine gland was investigated at the level of identified effector neurones. The salivary gland neuroeffector system of Helisoma consists of a pair of acinous glands innervated by two symmetrically located, identified buccal ganglion neurones (4R and 4L). Neurones 4R and 4L usually are electrically coupled and display synchronous activity. Action potentials in these neurones elicit EPSPs and action potentials in epithelial cells of the salivary glands. Spontaneous miniature potentials similar to those seen at neuromuscular junctions can be recorded from many of the glandular cells. Neurones 4R and rL, and thus also salivary gland cells, can display bursts of action potentials phase-locked with those seen in buccal mass motoneurones during feeding.

scholarly journals Neurofibromin expression by normal salivary glands

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloá Borges Luna ◽  
Pâmella Pinho Montovani ◽  
Rafaela Elvira Rozza-de-Menezes ◽  
Karin Soares Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Neurofibromatosis 1 ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Sublingual Gland ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Ductal Cells

AbstractIntroductionNeurofibromin, a protein encoded by theNF1gene, is mutated in neurofibromatosis 1, one of the most common genetic diseases. Oral manifestations are common and a high prevalence of hyposalivation was recently described in individuals with neurofibromatosis 1. Although neurofibromin is ubiquitously expressed, its expression levels vary depending on the tissue type and developmental stage of the organism. The role of neurofibromin in the development, morphology, and physiology of salivary glands is unknown and a detailed expression of neurofibromin in human normal salivary glands has never been investigated.AimTo investigate the expression levels and distribution of neurofibromin in acinar and ductal cells of major and minor salivary glands of adult individuals without NF1.Material and methodTen samples of morphologically normal major and minor salivary glands (three samples of each gland: parotid, submandibular and minor salivary; and one sample of sublingual gland) from individuals without neurofibromatosis 1 were selected to assess neurofibromin expression through immunohistochemistry. Immunoquantification was performed by a digital method.ResultsNeurofibromin was expressed in the cytoplasm of both serous and mucous acinar cells, as well as in ducts from all the samples of salivary glands. Staining intensity varied from mild to strong depending on the type of salivary gland and region (acini or ducts). Ducts had higher neurofibromin expression than acinar cells (p = 0.003). There was no statistical association between the expression of neurofibromin and the type of the salivary gland, considering acini (p = 0.09) or ducts (p = 0.50) of the four salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, minor salivary, and sublingual gland). Similar results were obtained comparing the acini (p = 0.35) and ducts (p = 0.50) of minor and major salivary glands. Besides, there was no correlation between the expression of neurofibromin and age (p = 0.08), and sex (p = 0.79) of the individuals, considering simultaneously the neurofibromin levels of acini and duct (n = 34).ConclusionNeurofibromin is expressed in the cytoplasm of serous and mucous acinar cells, and ductal cells of salivary glands, suggesting that this protein is important for salivary gland function.

scholarly journals Action-potential broadening and endogenously sustained bursting are substrates of command ability in a feeding neuron of Pleurobranchaea

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gillette ◽  
M. U. Gillette ◽  
W. J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Short Pulses ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Single Axon ◽  
Network Output ◽  
Bilateral Pair ◽  
Potential Activity

1. The ventral white cells (VWC's) of the buccal ganglion of Pleurobranchaea, so named for their position and color, are a bilateral pair of neuron somata. Each sends a single axon out its contralateral stomatogastric nerve and has a dendritic field originating close to the soma. 2. The vwcs exhibit spontaneous episodes of prolonged depolarization (duration 1--4 min) accompanied by repetitive action-potential activity and separated by regular intervals of 3--30 min. Such prolonged burst episodes can be triggered by short pulses of depolarizing current. During the repetitive activity of the spontaneous bursts or that driven by imposed depolarization, the action potentials progressively broaden to 5--16 times their initial duration. 3. During spontaneous bursting or activity driven by imposed depolarization, the cyclic motor output of the feeding network is initiated or accelerated with a latency corresponding with the development of appreciable VWC spike broadening. When broadening of antidromic VWC spikes is suppressed by imposed hyperpolarization of the soma, the frequency of feeding cycles is significantly lower than when broadened spikes are allowed to develop. When trains of spikes are driven by depolarizing current, the motor output of the feeding network is not initiated until the VWC spikes have broadened to a repeatable "threshold" duration, regardless of the intensity of the depolarizing current. 4. The endogenous production of prolonged burst episodes, triggered by depolarizing current pulses, and progressive spike broadening can be demonstrated in the surgically isolated VWC soma. 5. The paired VWCs are strongly electrically coupled and display highly synchronous activity. They receive synaptic inputs from many previously identified interneurons of the feeding network and are thus reciprocally coupled within the network. 6. These results demonstrate that the capacity of this neuron to generate broadened action potentials during repetitive activity confers the ability to command coordinated motor-network output. The appropriate repetitive activity can be produced endogenously in the form of prolonged bursts of spikes.

Simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens in major salivary glands.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1251-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Therkildsen ◽  
U Mandel ◽  
J Thorn ◽  
M Christensen ◽  
E Dabelsteen
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland Tumors ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
T Antigens ◽  
Glycosylation Pattern ◽  
Carbohydrate Antigens ◽  
Major Salivary Glands ◽  
Duct Cells

Simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens Tn, sialosyl-Tn and T are often markers of neoplastic transformation and have very limited expression in normal tissues. We performed an immunohistological study of simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens, including H and A variants, with well-defined monoclonal antibodies (MAb) on frozen and paraffin-embedded normal salivary gland tissue from 22 parotid, 14 submandibular, six sublingual, and 13 labial glands to elucidate the simple mucin-type glycosylation pattern in relation to cyto- and histodifferentiation. The investigated carbohydrate structures were predominantly observed in the cell cytoplasm, most often in the supranuclear area, suggesting localization to the Golgi region, whereas ductal contents were unstained. Mucous acinar cells expressed Tn, sialosyl-Tn, and H and A antigens, regardless of glandular location. Serous acinar cells, on the other hand, expressed A, H, and inconstantly sialosyl-T, Tn, and sialosyl-Tn antigens in major salivary glands, whereas serous cells of minor (labial) salivary glands expressed H exclusively, Tn and sialosyl-T antigens inconstantly, but never sialosyl-Tn and A antigens. The difference may be related to a more simple cytodifferentiation of serous cells of minor (labial) salivary glands as compared with major salivary glands. Duct cells in major salivary glands expressed A, H, and inconstantly T, sialosyl-T, and Tn antigens, whereas minor (labial) salivary glands ducts exclusively expressed H, T and sialosyl-T antigens, differences that may be related to dissimilarities in the duct system. Myoepithelial cells and basal cells exclusively expressed T and sialosyl-T antigens, which may prove useful in studies of salivary gland tumors, since these cells are known to play a key role in the histological characteristics of some salivary gland tumors. The results indicate a similar glycosylation pattern in the different major salivary glands, whereas minor (labial) salivary gland differ slightly in serous and duct cells. The limited and exclusive intracellular expression of the immature Tn, sialosyl-Tn, and T antigens indicates that these structures may be of value as markers of salivary gland tumors.

scholarly journals Morphologic Characteristics of the Submandibular Salivary Gland of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu Tajacu)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Souza Reginato ◽  
Cristina de Sousa Bolina ◽  
Moacir Franco Oliveira ◽  
Sonia Regina Yokomizo Almeida ◽  
Ii-sei Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Collared Peccary

Introduction Most salivary glands is located on the inside and around the oral cavity, and are divided into major and minor salivary glands. The aim of the present study was to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual tissue of the submandibular glands of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). Materials and Methods The submandibular glands (n = 10) of adult male collared peccaries ( T. tajacu) were used for histological and ultrastructural analysis. The techniques used were light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The submandibular salivary glands of the collared peccary (T. tajacu) showed a capsule formed by a connective tissue containing the acinus and duct cells. Histologically, the nuclei located at the basal region of the cells was observed. The light polarized microscopy clearly showed the presence of type I and type III collagen. In the SEM image, the submandibular salivary gland revealed a round aspect separated in several lobules with bundles of collagen fibers. The vibratome sections showed the groupings of acinar cells, with intermingled secretory ducts containing vessels of different diameters. The secretory granules were noted in the apical portion of the acinar and ductal cells. The thick bundles of collagen fibers formed a glandular capsule and were identified around of the acinar and ductal cells in three-dimensional SEM images. The TEM images showed a number of secretory granules, especially in the apical region of the cytoplasm of the acinar cells and in the basal portion of the nuclei. The granular endoplasmic reticulum area, the euchromatic nuclei and the cytoplasmic projections may be seen. Mucous acinar cells separated by fine collagen fibers were also observed. Conclusion The morphological characteristics of the submandibular gland of the collared peccary is similar to that of other mammals with the same eating habits and habitat.

Androgens and Integrins in Salivary Glands in Sjögren’s Syndrome

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULIINA POROLA ◽  
MIKAEL LAINE ◽  
ISMO VIRTANEN ◽  
RAIMO PÖLLÄNEN ◽  
BEATA D. PRZYBYLA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Sjögren's Syndrome ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Objective.Laminin α1-chain normally induces intercalated duct progenitors to differentiate to acinar cells through integrin (INT) α1ß1 and α2ß1 receptors. Maintenance of acinar cells is impaired in Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), which is also characterized by low levels of serum and salivary androgens. We hypothesized that androgens normally support salivary gland remodeling by upregulating either laminin α1 chain or its cellular α1 or α2 INT subunit-containing receptors.Methods.Intercalated duct and acinar human salivary gland (HSG) cells and labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsies from healthy controls and patients with SS were cultured without or with sex steroids. Laminin α1 chain and INT α1 and α2 subunits were studied using quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction and INT α1 and α2 subunits using immunofluorescence staining.Results.INT α1-subunit and α2-subunit messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased in intercalated duct and acinar cells by DHEA and testosterone. In contrast, laminin α1-chain mRNA levels were not affected. The upregulating effect of DHEA on INT subunits was also seen at the protein level. DHEA also increased mRNA levels of both INT subunits in healthy but not SS LSG.Conclusion.Androgens increased INT α1 and α2 subunits in tubuloepithelial cells and in healthy LSG, but in SS salivary glands this androgen regulation was defective, which is likely to contribute to defective outside-in signaling, acinar atrophy, and ductal cell hyperplasia.

Nervous control of mammalian salivary glands

1981 ◽  
Vol 296 (1080) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Motor Effects

In the production and flow of saliva, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves generally cooperate, although variations between the different salivary glands are considerable, particularly in the sympathetic innervation. In the submandibular gland of the dog, sympathetic impulses cause secretion via β-adrenoceptors, and since sympathetic motor effects are elicited via α-adrenoceptors it is possible to study separately motor and secretory effects in this gland. Such experiments indicate that myoepithelial contractions serve to accelerate the salivary flow and to support the secreting acinar cells and prevent back-flow of fluid from the luminal system into the glandular tissues. The contractions are elicited reflexly from the oral mucosa together with secretion. A potentiation interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves occurs in the formation of the primary saliva. In parotid glands of rabbits and rats such an interaction has been demonstrated in the secretion of amylase.

scholarly journals PSMA PET/CT Identifies Intrapatient Variation in Salivary Gland Toxicity From Iodine-131 Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153601212093499
Author(s):  
Vineet Mohan ◽  
Wouter V. Vogel ◽  
Gerlof D. Valk ◽  
Jan P. de Boer ◽  
Marnix G. E. H. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Psma Pet ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Iodine 131 ◽  
Further Development

Introduction: Xerostomia is a well-known complication after iodine-131 (131I) therapy for thyroid carcinoma. It is currently insufficiently understood how the dose and biodistribution of 131I relates to salivary gland toxicity, and whether this is consistent for all salivary glands within a single patient. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was recently introduced as a new tool to evaluate the relative loss of vital acinar cells in individual salivary glands. We aimed to assess gland-specific salivary gland toxicity after 131I-therapy using PSMA PET/CT. Methods: Five patients with differentiated thyroid cancer underwent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT to evaluate their eligibility for peptide radioligand therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Uptake patterns in salivary glands were evaluated visually and quantitatively as an indicator of vital acinar cell loss after prior 131I-therapy. Results: Four of 5 patients demonstrated significant lowered uptake in at least one salivary gland, after receiving at least 2 131I-treatments. Asymmetric loss of vital acinar cells occurred by gland type (parotid/submandibular) and location (right/left). The other salivary glands in these patients and all salivary glands in the fifth patient showed normal uptake, demonstrating high intrapatient and interpatient variability. Conclusions: 131I-therapy can induce salivary gland toxicity with high inter- but also high intrapatient variation among separate gland locations, which can be assessed with PSMA PET/CT. This new technique offers potential to guide further development and evaluation of protective measures in patients receiving 131I-therapy.

The buccal nervous system of octopus

1965 ◽  
Vol 249 (755) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Buccal Ganglion ◽  
Poison Centre ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
Peripheral Synapse

The operations of killing and eating food by an octopus are under the control of a series of nervous centres. The poison centre lies most posteriorly and is probably activated first, since it lies close to endings of fibres from the arms. The fibres of the nerves to the posterior salivary gland run without synapse from the superior buccal lobe to the glands, passing first far forward and then back along the duct. There is thus no peripheral synapse on this path, perhaps because no continuing rhythmic operations are involved in the secretion, and no reflex guidance is needed. The actual injection of the poison by the salivary papilla is controlled through the subradular ganglia. The cerebro-subradular connectives arise from the front of the superior buccal ganglia, near the entrance of the labial nerves, and run direct to the subradular ganglia, bypassing the inferior buccal ganglion. The interbuccal connectives also arise from the front of the superior buccal lobe and run to the inferior buccal ganglion. The inferior buccal ganglion sends nerves to the muscles of the jaws and radula and to the anterior salivary glands, buccal palps and oesophagus. Through the sympathetic nerve it communicates with the gastric ganglion. The inferior buccal ganglion has a complicated internal structure. From its outer surface arise numerous strands of the juxtaganglionic tissue, which end at the surfaces of the buccal sinus. The proportion of large cells decreases in the sequence posterior buccal, superior buccal, inferior buccal, subradular and gastric ganglia.

scholarly journals Down-regulation of inhibitor of apoptosis levels provides competence for steroid-triggered cell death

2007 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viravuth P. Yin ◽  
Carl S. Thummel ◽  
Arash Bashirullah
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Inhibitor Of Apoptosis ◽  
Salivary Gland Cell ◽  
Creb Binding Protein ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Steroid Signaling ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

A pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone triggers the destruction of larval salivary glands during Drosophila metamorphosis through a transcriptional cascade that converges on reaper (rpr) and head involution defective (hid) induction, resulting in caspase activation and cell death. We identify the CREB binding protein (CBP) transcriptional cofactor as essential for salivary gland cell death. We show that CBP acts 1 d before the onset of metamorphosis in apparent response to a mid-third instar ecdysone pulse, when CBP is necessary and sufficient for down-regulation of the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1). It is only after DIAP1 levels are reduced that salivary glands become competent to die through rpr/hid-mediated cell death. Before this time, high levels of DIAP1 block salivary gland cell death, even in the presence of ectopic rpr expression. This study shows that naturally occurring changes in inhibitor of apoptosis levels can be critical for regulating cell death during development. It also provides a molecular mechanism for the acquisition of competence in steroid signaling pathways.

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