scholarly journals The role of the gut in insect chilling injury: cold-induced disruption of osmoregulation in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 (5) ◽  
pp. 726-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. MacMillan ◽  
B. J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus

The role of the foregut in digestion in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus and the locust Chortoicetes terminifera

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
ShangXian Zhou ◽  
James D. Woodman ◽  
Hua Chen ◽  
Paul D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Field Cricket ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Exterior Surface ◽  
Teleogryllus Commodus ◽  
Black Field ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Generalist Diet ◽  
Cuticular Structures ◽  
Australian Plague Locust

The role of the foregut (crop and proventriculus) in mechanical processing of food has received little attention in insects. Using the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) and the black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus) as models, the role of the crop in processing of wheat or rye grass was examined. Interior cuticular structures (spines) of the foregut were described using light and scanning electron microscopy, with locusts having sclerotised structures and crops of crickets being unsclerotised internally. Muscular bands on the exterior surface of the crop part of the foregut are similar in males of both species, but contractions and movements are more forceful in locusts. Passage rate from the foregut is much faster in locusts (<3 h) than in crickets (>3 h). Water within the crop is reduced compared with the water content of fresh grass within the foregut of locusts, but water is increased in cricket crops. Spines within the crops are small relative to the size of food particles in both species. Some spines of locusts contain metals. The slower passage rate from the crop of crickets may be limited by the proventriculus. Foregut structure and food processing facilitates the generalist diet of crickets, but may restrict locusts to consuming softer grasses.

Review : Role of polyamines in chilling injury of fruit and vegetables/Revisión: El papel de las poliaminas en los daños por frío de frutas y hortalizas

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Serrano ◽  
M.C. Martínez-Madrid ◽  
G. Martínez ◽  
F. Riquelme ◽  
M.T. Pretel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Subtropical Fruit ◽  
Cell Membrane Level

Some tropical and subtropical fruit and vegetables suffer chilling injuries (CI) when exposed to low (above freezing) temperatures. The symptoms of such injuries vary between species, although they usually involve staining of the peel and internal browing, and are related to important modi fications at the cell membrane level. The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine, have an antisenescent action because of their capacity to link with anionic compounds in the cell membrane and to capture free radicals, thus stabilizing the lipid bilayer and preventing membrane deterioration. This paper reviews the mechanism responsible for the physiological alterations produced by chilling, the role of polyamines and the quantitative changes they undergo in the affected tissues. Finally, it describes the possibility of using different treatments to reduce the negative effects of low temperatures and their influence on polyamine levels.

The role of ethylene in the prevention of chilling injury in nectarines

2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Wei Zhou ◽  
L.i. Dong ◽  
Ruth Ben-Arie ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Injury

Natural variation in the temporal patterning of calling song structure in the field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus: effects of temperature, age, mass, time of day, and nearest neighbour

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ciceran ◽  
Anne-Marie Murray ◽  
Gareth Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Temporal Patterning ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Song Structure ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Male Age ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Genetic and environmental sources of variation in the temporal patterning of song structure may be important variables influencing male field cricket reproductive success. Song structure in both field and laboratory populations of Gryllus pennsylvanicus was examined to assess possible sources of variation. Factors examined included temperature, male age, body mass, time of day, and male spacing patterns. Temperature was positively correlated with pulse rate and negatively correlated with interchirp interval for both field and laboratory populations. Temperature was negatively correlated with chirp duration only in the field population. Calling song structure did not vary with male age or mass. Time of day had a significant effect on the song parameters examined, even when data were corrected for temperature differences. Males calling in the morning had faster pulse rates and shorter chirp durations than males recorded at night time. Male spacing patterns also influenced calling; isolated males had longer intervals between consecutive chirps than clumped males. Data are discussed in terms of acoustical competition between males and female choice.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Mannitol-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Increases Mannitol Accumulation and Adds Protection Against Chilling Injury in Petunia

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jen Chiang ◽  
C. Stushnoff ◽  
A.E. McSay ◽  
M.L. Jones ◽  
H.J. Bohnert
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
And Control

Petunia ×hybrida (Hook) Vilm. cv. Mitchell was transformed with an E. coli gene encoding mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD). Four plant lines that grew on kanamycin and contained the mtlD transgene were identified. Two of these lines contained high levels of mannitol [high-mannitol lines M3 and M8; mean mannitol = 3.39 μmol·g-1 dry weight (DW)] compared to nontransformed wild-type plants (0.86 μmol·g-1 DW), while two lines had mannitol levels similar to wild-type plants (low-mannitol lines M2 and M9; mean mannitol = 1.05 μmol·g-1 DW). Transgenic and control plants were subjected to chilling stress (3 ± 0.5 °C day/0 ± 0.5 °C night, 12-hour photoperiod and 75% relative humidity) to evaluate the role of mannitol in chilling tolerance. Based upon foliage symptoms and membrane leakage after a 3-week chilling treatment, the high-mannitol containing lines, M3 and M8, were more tolerant of chilling stress than the low-mannitol containing transgenic lines, M2 and M9, and wild-type. Under nonchilling conditions mannitol was the only carbohydrate that differed among transgenic lines, but all carbohydrates were present. When subjected to chilling stress, mannitol levels dropped by 75%, sucrose by 52%, and inositol by 54% in the low-mannitol lines (M2 and M9). In M3 and M8, the high-mannitol lines, mannitol levels decreased by 36%, sucrose by 25%, and inositol by 56%, respectively. Raffinose increased 2- to 3-fold in all lines following exposure to low-temperature chilling stress. In the higher mannitol lines only 0.04% to 0.06% of the total osmotic potential generated from all solutes could be attributed to mannitol, thus its action is more like that of an osmoprotectant rather than an osmoregulator. This study demonstrates that metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant synthesis pathways can be used to improve stress tolerance in horticultural crops.

scholarly journals Involvement of Arginase in Methyl Jasmonate–induced Tomato Fruit Chilling Tolerance

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhua Zhang ◽  
Fujun Li ◽  
Nana Ji ◽  
Shujun Shao ◽  
Dongyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Chilling Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

The physiological role of arginase in nitrogen remobilization processes from protein degradation during seed germination has well been described in several species. However, very little is known about its possible roles in plant stress responses. Treatment of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with 0.05 mm methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced transcription levels of arginase genes, especially LeARG2. Chilling injury (CI) of fruit treated with 0.05 mm MeJA for 12 hours was also effectively alleviated, as manifested by decreases in CI index, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. To investigate the potential role of arginase in MeJA-induced chilling tolerance, fruit were treated with MeJA or the arginase inhibitor Nω-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA) combined with MeJA and then stored at 2 °C for 28 days. MeJA-induced arginase activity was strongly inhibited and the reduction of CI by MeJA was nearly abolished by the inhibitor. In addition, MeJA treatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX); inhibited peroxidase (POD) activities; and promoted proline and polyamines accumulation. These effects were partially counteracted by nor-NOHA; putrescine accumulation, however, was unaffected by the inhibitor. Our results indicate that arginase may be involved in MeJA-induced chilling tolerance, possibly by ameliorating the antioxidant enzyme system of fruit and increasing proline levels.

Mass rearing of the common field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus burmeister (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), for use as a test insect in toxicological studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
H. J. Svec
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Common

A method of rearing Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. is described, designed to yield large numbers of first-instar nymphs of uniform age for toxicological investigations Nymphs are reared to the fourth instar in glass vessels containing a little soil, which prevents cannibalism, and then transferred to glass-topped stock cages having sides and floors of aluminium screening and each accommodating 250 individuals. A mixture of dog-food pellets, oatmeal and milk powder, with fresh oats or clover, is provided throughout as food, and petri dishes of moist fine sand for oviposition. After separation from the sand by sieving, the eggs are incubated in moist soil at 24°C. for one month, subjected to 4°C. for three months to eliminate the obligate diapause, and then returned to 24°C., when 70 per cent, hatch after 15–18 days. The diapause enables eggs to be stored at 4°C. until required. At 24°C., the nymphal stage lasted about 81 days, the adult males and females, which are produced in equal numbers, survived about 62 and 56 days, respectively, oviposition extended over 11 weeks and the average number of eggs laid per female was 970·6.

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