scholarly journals Fibre architecture and song activation rates of syringeal muscles are not lateralized in the European starling

2010 ◽  
Vol 213 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Uchida ◽  
R. A. Meyers ◽  
B. G. Cooper ◽  
F. Goller
Keyword(s):  
European Starling ◽  
Activation Rates

scholarly journals Experimental Tests for Measuring Individual Attentional Characteristics in Songbirds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2233
Author(s):  
Loïc Pougnault ◽  
Hugo Cousillas ◽  
Christine Heyraud ◽  
Ludwig Huber ◽  
Martine Hausberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
European Starling ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Species Specific

Attention is defined as the ability to process selectively one aspect of the environment over others and is at the core of all cognitive processes such as learning, memorization, and categorization. Thus, evaluating and comparing attentional characteristics between individuals and according to situations is an important aspect of cognitive studies. Recent studies showed the interest of analyzing spontaneous attention in standardized situations, but data are still scarce, especially for songbirds. The present study adapted three tests of attention (towards visual non-social, visual social, and auditory stimuli) as tools for future comparative research in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a species that is well known to present individual variations in social learning or engagement. Our results reveal that attentional characteristics (glances versus gazes) vary according to the stimulus broadcasted: more gazes towards unusual visual stimuli and species-specific auditory stimuli and more glances towards species-specific visual stimuli and hetero-specific auditory stimuli. This study revealing individual variations shows that these tests constitute a very useful and easy-to-use tool for evaluating spontaneous individual attentional characteristics and their modulation by a variety of factors. Our results also indicate that attentional skills are not a uniform concept and depend upon the modality and the stimulus type.

A Review of Sufficient Schedulability Analysis for Fixed Priority Scheduling Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 741 ◽  
pp. 856-859
Author(s):  
Yan Feng Zhai ◽  
Feng Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Schedulability Analysis ◽  
Priority Assignment ◽  
Priority Scheduling ◽  
Fixed Priority ◽  
Fixed Priority Scheduling ◽  
Rate Monotonic ◽  
Simple Implementation ◽  
Deadline Monotonic ◽  
Activation Rates

This papercarries out a survey of sufficient schedulability analysis forfixed priority (FP) scheduling. The most common used fixed priority assignment is the rate monotonic (RM) algorithm, according to its policy, the task priorities are ordered based on their activation rates, so that the task with the shortest period is assigned the highest priority. However, when each task’s relative deadline is not equal to its period, the RM algorithm is not suitable to assign the task priorities. When relative deadlines are less than or equal to periods,the deadline monotonic (DM) algorithm can be deployed to schedule the tasks. The utilization based schedulability analysis has the advantage of simple implementation, and manyexisting schedulability analyses on uniprocessor are covered.

scholarly journals Effects of regular exercise on ventricular myocyte biomechanics and KATP channel function

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (4) ◽  
pp. H885-H896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinrui Wang ◽  
Robert H. Fitts
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Action Potential Duration ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Ventricular Myocyte ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
High Activation ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Activation Rates

Exercise training is known to protect the heart from ischemia and improve function during exercise by reducing cardiomyocyte action potential duration (APD) and increasing contractility. The cellular mechanisms involve β-adrenergic regulation and the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel, but how each alters function of the left ventricle and sex specificity is unknown. To address this, female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to wheel-running (TRN) or sedentary (SED) groups. After 6–8 wk of training, myocytes were isolated from the left ventricle and field stimulated at 1, 2, and 5 Hz. TRN significantly increased cardiomyocyte contractility, the kinetics of the Ca2+ transient, and responsiveness to the adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO), as reflected by an increased sarcomere shortening. Importantly, we demonstrated a TRN-induced upregulation of KATP channels, which was reflected by elevated content, current density, and the channel’s contribution to APD shortening at high activation rates and in the presence of the activator pinacidil. TRN induced increase in KATP current occurred throughout the left ventricle, but channel subunit content showed regional specificity with increases in Kir6.2 in the apex and SUR2A in base regions. In summary, TRN elevated cardiomyocyte cross-bridge kinetics, Ca2+ sensitivity, and the responsiveness of contractile function to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in both sexes. Importantly, upregulation of the KATP channel accelerates repolarization and shortens APD during stress and exercise. These adaptations have clinical importance, as increased contractility and reduced APD would help protect cardiac output and reduce intracellular Ca2+ overload during stresses such as regional ischemia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results demonstrate that regular exercise significantly increased ventricular myocyte shortening and relaxation velocity and the rate of rise in intracellular Ca2+ transient and enhanced the response of biomechanics and Ca2+ reuptake to β-adrenergic stimulation. Importantly, exercise training upregulated the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma ATP-sensitive K+ channel across the left ventricle in both sexes, as reflected by elevated channel subunit content, current density, and the channel’s contribution to reduced action potential duration at high activation rates.

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