Observations with cytochemistry and ultracryotomy on the fine structure of the expanding walls in actively elongating plant cells

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-259
Author(s):  
J.C. Roland ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
D. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Complementary Techniques

Ultracryotomy with negative staining and cytochemistry (periodic acid - thiocarbohydrazide - silver proteinate test for polysaccharides, in conjunction with mild extractions) were used to study the architecture of the cell wall and its modifications during expansion. Those techniques were applied to the study in situ of the walls of actively elongating parenchyma of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus), and pea (Pisum sativum) root and of collenchyma of celery (Apium graveolens) petioles. These complementary techniques provide information on the 3-dimensional disposition and fine structure of the subunits of the wall. In all the examples examined, the bulk of growing primary wall appears well-ordered and no progressive evolution from a transverse texture near the plasmalemma to a scattered texture near the middle lamella was observed. It seems unlikely that the development of the wall structure in relation to growth could be explained mechanically by a passive shift of the fibrillar elements in response to cellular stress. There is no evidence for an inert change in fibrillar orientation in the major part of the wall. If such occurs the process is limited to the outermost and senescent part of the wall. Thus, the texture observed does not agree with the classical multinet growth hypothesis but rather with the idea of an ordered structure of the primary wall. With the latter, the components should be able to respond in different ways to specific growth regulators and other environmental signals and thus exert a more positive control over the processes of oriented cell growth.

scholarly journals Chilling Injury in Peaches: A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Cell Wall Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Luza ◽  
R. van Gorsel ◽  
V.S. Polito ◽  
A.A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Fruits of mid- (`O'Henry'), late (`Airtime'), and extra-late-season (`Autumn Gem') peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars were examined for changes in cell wall structure and cytochemistry that accompany the onset of mealiness and leatheriness of the mesocarp due to chilling injury. The peaches were stored at 10C for up to 18 days or at SC for up to 29 days. Plastic-embedded sections were stained by the Schiff's-periodic acid reaction, Calcofluor white MR2, and Coriphosphine to demonstrate total insoluble carbohydrates, ß-1,4 glucans, and pectins, respectively. Mealiness was characterized by separation of mesocarp parenchyma cells leading to increased intercellular spaces and accumulation of pectic substances in the intercellular matrix. Little structural change was apparent in the cellulosic component of the cell walls of these fruits. In leathery peaches, the mesocarp parenchyma cells collapsed, intercellular space continued to increase, and pectin-positive staining in the intercellular matrix increased greatly. In addition, the component of the cell walls that stained positively for ß-1,4 glucans became thickened relative to freshly harvested or mealy fruit. At the ultrastructural level, dissolution of the middle lamella, cell separation, irregular thickening of the primary wall, and plasmolysis of the mesocarp parenchyma cells were seen as internal breakdown progressed.

An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in Phaseolus vulgaris xylem by the use of an azo-dye method

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-561
Author(s):  
I. Charvat ◽  
K. Esau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Final Reaction

The localization of acid phosphatase during xylem development has been examined in the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. The azo dye, the final reaction product, is initially prominent in the dictyosomes, vesicles apparently participating in secondary wall formation, and in the middle lamella of the young vessel element. Final reaction particles are also present in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and certain vacuoles and are sparsely scattered in the cytoplasm. At a later stage of vessel differentiation, the azo dye is concentrated in the disintegrating cytoplasm and along the fibrils of the partially hydrolysed primary wall and middle lamella. In the mature vessel element, the azo dye is still present along the disintegrated primary wall at the side of the vessel and covers the secondary wall. In the parenchyma cell adjacent to the vessel element, acid phosphatase localization is found in the dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, small vacuoles, and the middle lamella. The controls from all stages of vessel element development were free of azo dye particles. The concentration of acid phosphatase along the secondary walls of the mature vessels and in the middle lamella between other cells indicates that this enzyme has other functions besides autolysis of the cytoplasm and primary cell wall. Acid phosphatase may participate in the formation of the secondary wall and may also have a role in the secretion and transport of sugars.

scholarly journals The Cell Wall Structure of Xylem Parenchyma

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop ◽  
HE Dadswell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Cell Axis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Methods ◽  
Longitudinal Cell

The fine structure of the cell wall of both ray and vertical parenchyma has been investigated. In all species examined secondary thickening had occurred. In the primary cell wall the micellar orientation was approximately trans"erse to the longitudiJ)aI cell axis. Using optical and X-ray methods the secondary cell wall was shown to possess a helical micellar organization, the micelles being inclined between 30� and 60� to the longitudinal cell axis.

Penetration and colonization of resistant and susceptible Apium graveolens by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2: callose as a structural response

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Jordan ◽  
R. M. Endo ◽  
L. S. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Aniline Blue ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Race 2

Root apices of Apium graveolens L. resistant and susceptible to race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii (R. Nels. & Sherb.) were studied at various times after inoculation, using light and electron microscopy to determine structural response(s) of the hosts during penetration and colonization by the pathogen. Penetration was intercellular and intracellular and involved mechanical and enzymatic mechanisms. At the onset of penetration, the host cell walls manifested fluorescence, induced with either aniline blue or sirofluor, at the point of penetration. The fluorescent area was more intense and larger in the resistant host. Fluorescence disappeared with time. After incubation with β-1,3 glucanase fluorescence disappeared, indicating β-1,3 polysaccharide (probably callose) presence. Callose deposits were 2 and 3 times greater in the epidermis and 4 and 9 times greater in the cortex of the resistant than in two susceptible hosts, respectively. Hyphal counts in the cortex of the resistant host were 50% fewer than in the susceptible hosts. Increased callose deposition on host cell walls was associated with reduced colonization. Callose formed in vascular tissue as the fungus colonized it. Callose detection with sirofluor was more sensitive; background fluorescence common with aniline blue without periodic acid – Schiff's reagent pretreatment was absent.

scholarly journals Ethanol Alters Phenotype and Synthesis Activity of Rat Neonatal Articular Chondrocytes Grown in 2- and 3-Dimensional Culture

Cartilage ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 194760351987086
Author(s):  
Natalia Viana Tamiasso ◽  
Carla Maria Osório Silva ◽  
Amanda Maria Sena Reis ◽  
Natália Melo Ocarino ◽  
Rogéria Serakides
Keyword(s):  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Articular Chondrocyte ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Synthesis Activity

Objective We sought to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on phenotype and activity of articular chondrocyte synthesis of neonatal rats in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) culture. Methods Chondrocytes were cultured in chondrogenic medium with different concentrations of ethanol: 0.0% v/v (control); 0.05% v/v (8.6 mM); 0.25% v/v (42.9 mM), and 0.5% v/v (85.7 mM). Chondrocytes under 2D culture were subjected to MTT assay, while chondrocytes under 3D culture were processed for paraffin inclusion and stained by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) to evaluate mean chondrocyte diameter and percentages of cells, nucleus, cytoplasm, well-differentiated matrix, and PAS+ areas. The expression of gene transcripts for aggrecan, Sox9, and type II collagen was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results There was no difference between groups by the MTT assay. PAS staining revealed that chondrocytes treated with 0.5% v/v ethanol had higher percentages of cytoplasm and nuclear areas, but with a reduction in PAS+ matrix area. The mean diameter of chondrocytes was similar between groups. The expression of aggrecan in the group treated with 0.5% v/v ethanol was lower in comparison to that in the control. In the groups treated with 0.25% v/v and 0.5% v/v ethanol, the percentage of differentiated cartilage was lower in comparison with that in the control. The group treated with 0.05% v/v ethanol was similar to the control in all parameters. Conclusions Ethanol acted directly on in vitro cultured articular chondrocytes of newborn rats, altering the chondrocyte phenotype and its synthesis activity, and these effects were dose dependent.

Morphology of the Crease Region in Relation to Assimilate Uptake and Water Loss During Caryopsis Development in Barley and Wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Filling Water ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Electron Lucent ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Changes take place about 35 'days' after anthesis in the wall structure of the chalazal cells in caryopses of barley cv. Midas and wheat cv. Sicco grown in conditions where the number of 'days' from anthesis to harvest-ripeness is 60. The primary wall becomes lignified and is separated from the symplast by a layer of suberin. Massive deposits of electron-lucent wall material are laid down between the primary wall and the plasma membrane. From 15 'days' after anthesis increasing amounts of phenolic substances are found in the chalazal cell contents. Xylem parenchyma cells in the crease have some of the characteristics of gland cells and it is suggested that they may function in the control of the water content of the endospem. The cell wall modifications in the chalaza are interpreted as providing a means whereby, during the later stages of grain-filling, water loss from the endosperm can take place without interrupting the supply of assimilates to starchy endospem cells.

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