The Differential Growth-response of Embryonic Chick Limb-bone Rudiments to Triiodothyronine in vitro

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-555
Author(s):  
Kirstie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Stage Of Development

The maturation of the cartilage of embryonic chick long-bone rudiments growing in tissue culture is accelerated by addition of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, but the growth in length of different long bones is not uniformly affected (Fell & Mellanby, 1955, 1956). Thus the growth of the hormone-treated tibia is less than that of a normal tibia, while the effect of thyroid hormone on the radius is to increase its growth. This differential response is not determined either by the stage of development at which the limb-bone rudiments are exposed to hormone, or by the size of the explant (Lawson, 1961). Investigations to determine whether the differential response of limb-bone rudiments to triiodothyronine (T3) is due to differences in the growth rates of different bones are described in this paper. The work was divided into three parts.

The Differential Growth Response of Embryonic Chick Limb-bone Rudiments to Triiodothyronine in vitro

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Kirstie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Leg Bones

The proportionate development of the embryonic chick skeleton can be influenced experimentally by a variety of factors such as nutritional deficiencies (Byerly, Titus, Ellis, & Landauer, 1935; Landauer, 1936; Romanoff & Bauernfeind, 1942; Couch, Cravens, Elvehjem, & Halpin, 1948), teratogens (Ancel & Lallemand, 1942; Zwilling & de Bell, 1950; Landauer, 1952, 1953a, 1954) and excess hormones (Willier, 1924; Landauer & Bliss, 1946; Duraiswami, 1950). The leg bones are generally more severely affected than the wing bones, but a comparison of the action of several teratogens on the character of the malformations and on the relative growth of the leg bones indicated that the response of individual bones varies with the different agents (Landauer & Rhodes, 1952; Landauer, 1953 a, b, 1954). Cartilaginous limb-bone rudiments also respond differentially when they are isolated from the embryo and exposed in culture to various compounds, such as insulin (Chen, 1954), vitamin A, and the thyroid hormones (Fell & Mellanby, 1955, 1956).

The Differential Growth-Response of Embryonic Chick Limb-Bone Rudiments to Triiodothyronine in vitro. III. Hormone Concentration.

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-398
Author(s):  
Kirstie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
High Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Rudiments of each of the limb bones from the same chick embryo differ in their growth response to thyroid hormones in vitro (Fell & Mellanby, 1955, 1956). These variations in response to triiodothyronine (T3) are not determined by differences in maturity or size of the rudiments (Lawson, 1961a), but are associated with differences in their normal specific growth rates in vivo; T3 retards the growth of rudiments which normally have a high specific growth rate and stimulates the growth of those which grow slowly in vivo. However, when the growth rate of the limb-bone rudiments is altered in vitro by varying the composition of the medium or the temperature, the characteristic responses of different rudiments to T3 are not greatly altered (Lawson, 1961b). For example, the effect of T3 on the radius, a slowly growing rudiment, is to stimulate growth, whereas the same amount of T3 retards the growth rate of the third metatarsus which is normally a fast growing bone.

Longitudinal bone growth in vitro: effects of insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. A. Scheven ◽  
Nicola J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I

Abstract. Longitudinal growth was studied using an in vitro model system of intact rat long bones. Metatarsal bones from 18- and 19-day-old rat fetuses, entirely (18 days) or mainly (19 days) composed of chondrocytes, showed a steady rate of growth and radiolabelled thymidine incorporation for at least 7 days in serum-free media. Addition of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I to the culture media resulted in a direct stimulation of the longitudinal growth. Recombinant human growth hormone was also able to stimulate bone growth, although this was generally accomplished after a time lag of more than 2 days. A monoclonal antibody to IGF-I abolished both the IGF-I and GH-stimulated growth. However, the antibody had no effect on the growth of the bone explants in control, serum-free medium. Unlike the fetal long bones, bones from 2-day-old neonatal rats were arrested in their growth after 1-2 days in vitro. The neonatal bones responded to IGF-I and GH in a similar fashion as the fetal bones. Thus in this study in vitro evidence of a direct effect of GH on long bone growth via stimulating local production of IGF by the growth plate chondrocytes is presented. Furthermore, endogenous growth factors, others than IGFs, appear to play a crucial role in the regulation of fetal long bone growth.

scholarly journals New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Estefa ◽  
Paul Tafforeau ◽  
Alice M Clement ◽  
Jozef Klembara ◽  
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones

The production of blood cells (haematopoiesis) occurs in the limb bones of most tetrapods but is absent in the fin bones of ray-finned fish. When did long bones start producing blood cells? Recent hypotheses suggested that haematopoiesis migrated into long bones prior to the water-to-land transition and protected newly-produced blood cells from harsher environmental conditions. However, little fossil evidence to support these hypotheses has been provided so far. Observations of the humeral microarchitecture of stem-tetrapods, batrachians, and amniotes were performed using classical sectioning and three-dimensional synchrotron virtual histology. They show that Permian tetrapods seem to be among the first to exhibit a centralised marrow organisation, which allows haematopoiesis as in extant amniotes. Not only does our study demonstrate that long-bone haematopoiesis was probably not an exaptation to the water-to-land transition but it sheds light on the early evolution of limb-bone development and the sequence of bone-marrow functional acquisitions.

The Influence of Spatially Distinct Bone Marrow Niches on HSCs

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3565-3565
Author(s):  
Sali Liu ◽  
Tigue Tozer ◽  
Dilani Rosa ◽  
Cynthia Cunningham ◽  
Alan Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Appendicular Skeleton ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Flat Bone

Abstract During development, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) translocate from the fetal liver to the bone marrow (BM), which remains the site of hematopoiesis throughout adulthood. In the BM the HSCs are located at the endosteal surface, where cells of the osteoblastic lineage comprise a key component of the stem cell niche. While hematopoiesis occurs in many bones, the process of bone formation can actually be split into those bones that develop through endochondral ossification (long bones) and those that form through membranous ossification (flat bones). We examined the role played by the microenvironment in these two distinct bones and whether these microenvironments have differing effects on the HSCs. In vitro analysis of the BM stromal cells isolated from long bones and flat bones has demonstrated that calvaria derived stromal layers can support cobblestone area-forming cells 10-fold greater than stromal layers derived from femurs and tibia. Real-time PCR analysis of gene expression has demonstrated that flat bone stromal cells have 5-fold greater expression of N-cadherin than long bone, while other cadherins such as VE-cadherin show no difference. Correlating with this, we found that calvarial derived HSCs demonstrated increased expression of N-cadherin and also increased expression of other genes associated with cadherin signaling, such as cyclinD1. However, no difference in the cell cycle status of the HSCs derived from long bone and flat bone was noted. Functional assays are being performed in order to assess the function of these distinct BM marrow niches in vivo. It is anticipated that we will be able to begin to define the molecular cues the govern HSC physiology in different locations within the mammalian skeleton and thus provide an understanding not only into the continual migration of HSCs between different HSC niches but also the regression of hematopoiesis that occurs from the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton during the adult human lifespan.

scholarly journals How the embryonic chick brain twists

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (124) ◽  
pp. 20160395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Chen ◽  
Qiaohang Guo ◽  
Eric Dai ◽  
Nickolas Forsch ◽  
Larry A. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Embryonic Brain ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Chick Brain ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry

During early development, the tubular embryonic chick brain undergoes a combination of progressive ventral bending and rightward torsion, one of the earliest organ-level left–right asymmetry events in development. Existing evidence suggests that bending is caused by differential growth, but the mechanism for the predominantly rightward torsion of the embryonic brain tube remains poorly understood. Here, we show through a combination of in vitro experiments, a physical model of the embryonic morphology and mechanics analysis that the vitelline membrane (VM) exerts an external load on the brain that drives torsion. Our theoretical analysis showed that the force is of the order of 10 micronewtons. We also designed an experiment to use fluid surface tension to replace the mechanical role of the VM, and the estimated magnitude of the force owing to surface tension was shown to be consistent with the above theoretical analysis. We further discovered that the asymmetry of the looping heart determines the chirality of the twisted brain via physical mechanisms, demonstrating the mechanical transfer of left–right asymmetry between organs. Our experiments also implied that brain flexure is a necessary condition for torsion. Our work clarifies the mechanical origin of torsion and the development of left–right asymmetry in the early embryonic brain.

In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus viridescens: Neural dependence of blastema cells for growth and differentiation

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-829
Author(s):  
Morton Globus ◽  
Richard A. Liversage
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Chemical Factor ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Active Proliferation

Explants of 99 adult newt forelimb blastemata (21- to 24-day regenerates) were cultured, with and without implanted dorsal root ganglia, in modified Parker's medium (CMRL-1415) for periods of 72–144 h. Growth and differentiation of the cultured blastemata were compared with ganglionated and non-ganglionated controls fixed at the start of the culture period. The results of these experiments establish that implanted spinal ganglia are able to sustain growth and differentiation of forelimb blastemata in vitro: active proliferation amongst the blastema cells was found to be correlated with the presence of an implanted ganglion. In addition, the blastema cells exhibited a differential growth response which was most pronounced when the ganglion was eccentrically implanted 2–3 days before explantation of the limb regenerate. These results suggest that a causal relationship exists between the position of the implanted ganglion and the localization of growth within the blastema. The nerve influence, believed to be mediated by a chemical factor(s), was localized in the region of the implanted neurons, indicating that a close association between the nerves and the responding blastema cells is essential for normal growth. The importance of the physical presence of nerves for the cultivation of blastemata in vitro is emphasized.

scholarly journals Postcranial elements of small mammals as indicators of locomotion and habitat

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9634
Author(s):  
Christine M. Janis ◽  
Alberto Martín-Serra
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Small Body Size ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Mesozoic Mammals ◽  
Postcranial Anatomy

Many studies have shown a correlation between postcranial anatomy and locomotor behavior in mammals, but the postcrania of small mammals (<5 kg) is often considered to be uninformative of their mode of locomotion due to their more generalized overall anatomy. Such small body size was true of all mammals during the Mesozoic. Anatomical correlates of locomotor behavior are easier to determine in larger mammals, but useful information can be obtained from the smaller ones. Limb bone proportions (e.g., brachial index) can be useful locomotor indicators; but complete skeletons, or even complete long bones, are rare for Mesozoic mammals, although isolated articular surfaces are often preserved. Here we examine the correlation of the morphology of long bone joint anatomy (specifically articular surfaces) and locomotor behavior in extant small mammals and demonstrate that such anatomy may be useful for determining the locomotor mode of Mesozoic mammals, at least for the therian mammals.

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