Some effects of glucagon on chick embryo development

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
William A. Anderson ◽  
M. A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Sugar Levels

Glucagon concentrations ranging from 1·16 to 300·0 μg/0·1 ml diluent were injected into the yolk of chick embryos on incubation days 8,10, and 12. Studies of survival rates, embryo weights, blood sugars, liver and tibiotarsus glycogen histochemistry, and pancreatic alpha and beta tissue histogenesis were undertaken during the 9- to 16-day incubation period. Glucagon dosages of 37·5 and 1500 μg/0·1 ml diluent gave the best survival rates. Glucagon caused an increase in embryo weight, increased liver glycogen storage, a chondrocyte glycogen storage pattern which correlated with blood sugar levels, an increase in pancreatic beta tissue and a decrease in pancreatic alpha tissue. Studies of blood sugars following glucagon treatment showed that most concentrations caused an initial (first 16h) hyperglycemia. Following this, two general patterns were exhibited: (1) the lower glucagon concentrations caused hypoglycemia after about 24 h, and (2) the higher concentrations caused a more prolonged hyperglycemia when administered on incubation day 10 but caused hypoglycemia when administered on days 8 and 12. Interpretation of these results is based on the contribution of three factors to the expression and duration of the glucagon effect: (1) concentration of glucagon administered, (2) insulin secretion, and (3) levels of glycogen storage at the incubation stage of administration.

Hypoglycemia in Malathion-treated chick embryos

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1055-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Arsenault ◽  
M. A. Gibson ◽  
M. E. Mader
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Incubation Stage ◽  
Sugar Levels

Chick embryos were exposed to a teratogenic dose of Malathion at the 5-day incubation stage, and the effect of this treatment on blood sugar levels was studied from the 9th day of incubation to hatching. The Malathion caused a decrease in blood sugars and this hypoglycemia persisted throughout the incubation period until day 19.

Effects of Epinephrine on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Underfed and ad Libitum-Fed Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
B. N. Spirtos ◽  
R. G. Stuelke ◽  
N. S. Halmi
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Fasted Rats

Rats fed 10 gm of a commercial diet for 4–5 weeks and fasted for 24 hours showed less rise in liver glycogen and blood sugar levels in response to the injection of epinephrine than did ad libitum-fed-fasted rats. Gastrocnemius glycogen levels were found to be higher in underfed-fasted animals and fell to the same extent as in ad libitum fed-fasted animals when epinephrine was given. Blood lactate concentrations, however, rose less markedly in the underfed-fasted group. This may have been at least partly responsible for the diminished rise in hepatic glycogen and blood sugar.

Some Effects of Prolonged Undernutrition on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rats

1956 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Halmi ◽  
B. N. Spirtos
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels

A) Rats fed 10 gm of ground Rockland diet/day for 4–6 weeks and then fasted for 24 hours showed an enhanced insulin sensitivity as compared with ad libitum-fed rats that were fasted for the same length of time. The fasting blood sugar and liver glycogen concentrations were significantly higher in underfed animals. B) Underfed rats were fasted 24 hours, then fed 5 gm/ 100 gm body weight and tested 8 hours later. These rats exhibited a) no greater insulin sensitivity, b) lower blood sugar levels and c) a smaller rise in liver glycogen concentration than similarly treated ad libitum-fed animals. Intestinal absorption of glucose was not diminished in the undernourished rats. C) Cortisone treatment (0.5 mg/100 gm body wt/day for 5 days) abolished the insulin sensitivity of underfed rats without altering the hepatic glycogen concentration. Somatotrophin (0.5 mg Armour standard equivalent/100 gm body wt/day for 5 days) did not improve their insulin tolerance. After functional evisceration, the blood sugar fall (if expressed as percentage of the initial level) was significantly slower in underfed than in ad libitum-fed rats. However, the decline of the blood sugar level appeared to be more markedly enhanced by insulin in the underfed animals.

scholarly journals Pre-Incubation and its Effect on the Development and Malformations of The Chick Embryo

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
L. Janikovičová ◽  
Z. Demčišáková ◽  
L. Luptáková ◽  
Petrovová E
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggs stored with and without pre-incubation on chick embryos with emphasis on: embryo body, heart weight, malformations, and mortality. For this study, a total of 120 chick embryos were divided into three groups, based on the length of storage before hatching (3, 7 and 10 days). Observations of the weight of chick embryo bodies, chick embryo hearts, and the level of mortality and appearance of malformations were noted. With an increase in days stored, the chick embryo’s weight decreased. The pre-incubation period had a positive effect on the weight of chick embryo, and chick hearts. Malformations, including: hydrocephalus, open body cavity and underdeveloped wings, were observed in all three groups, with the highest proportion seen in the pre-incubated hatching eggs stored for 10 days; this group also displayed the highest level of mortality. Non-pre-incubated eggs showed the most promise with better results in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the research suggests the optimal storage for chick embryos to be 3 days, with lowest levels of mortality, malformations and limited effects on the body and heart weight.

A lectin which binds specifically to beta-D-galactoside groups is present at the earliest stages of chick embryo development

1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-304
Author(s):  
G.M. Cook ◽  
S.E. Zalik ◽  
N. Milos ◽  
V. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Lectin Activity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Terminal Galactose ◽  
Bovine Submaxillary Mucin

Extracts obtained from chick embryos at the pre-gastrula and gastrula stages are able to agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde. Agglutination is inhibited by saccharides sharing a beta-D-galactopyranoside configuration. Agglutinin activity is also inhibited by desialysed fetuin which bears terminal galactose residues but not by native fetuin, desialysed agalacto-fetuin, bovine submaxillary mucin and desialysed bovine submaxillary mucin. Lectin activity is present in extracts obtained from the embryonic area of the blastoderms as well as in extracts from extra-embryonic endoderm and ectoderm. In extracts subjected to gel filtration on ECD Sepharose, lectin activity eluted between ovalbumim (mol. wt 45 000) and chymotrypsinogen (mol. wt 25 000). Under some experimental conditions, thiodigalactoside, the most potent inhibitor of lectin activity, inhibited the aggregation of cells of the extra-embryonic endoderm of the primitive chick embryo.

scholarly journals Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiao-Yu Wang ◽  
Manli Chuai ◽  
John Yeuk-Hon Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development.

scholarly journals Ex Ovo Model for Directly Visualizing Chick Embryo Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 628-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Dorrell ◽  
Michael Marcacci ◽  
Stephen Bravo ◽  
Troy Kurz ◽  
Jacob Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Junior High Students ◽  
Chick Development

We describe a technique for removing and growing chick embryos in culture that utilizes relatively inexpensive materials and requires little space. It can be readily performed in class by university, high school, or junior high students, and teachers of any grade level should be able to set it up for their students. Students will be able to directly observe the chick’s development from 3 days post-fertilization to the point at which it would normally hatch. Observing embryonic development first hand, including the chick embryos’ natural movements, gives students a full appreciation for the complexity and wonder of development. Students can make detailed observations and drawings, and gain understanding of important principles in developmental biology. Finally, we suggest various ways in which this project can be adapted to allow students in advanced classes to design and implement their own projects for investigating teratogenic effects on development using the ex ovo model of chick development.

FURTHER STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE VITAMIN-B6-DEPRIVED RAT

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Sugar Levels

Earlier studies in this laboratory demonstrated abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat. The results of further studies are reported in this communication. Following three weeks of vitamin B6 restriction, rats have significantly elevated levels of inorganic phosphorus and glutathione in blood and liver. These elevations in blood inorganic phosphorus and glutathione levels have been similarly demonstrated after only one week of vitamin B6 deprivation. Contrary to changes in liver glycogen levels, muscle glycogen levels are not altered by vitamin B6 deprivation in the rat. Insulin administration had a slightly more pronounced effect on blood sugar levels in vitamin-B6-deprived than in pair-fed control rats. Alloxan administration elevated blood sugar levels of deprived rats to a slightly greater extent than the levels of controls. In accord with the earlier studies, disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism can be readily demonstrated in vitamin-B6-deprived rats.

Radioautographic Analysis of the Intralobular and Intracellular Distribution of Newly Formed Hepatic Glycogen After Injection of 3H-Galactose

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
J. E. Michaels ◽  
J. T. Hung ◽  
R. R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucocorticoid Hormone ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Sugar Levels

In normal animals glycogen levels in the liver are closely related to blood sugar levels. High levels of glucose in the blood stimulate uptake of glucose by liver hepatocytes and synthesis of glycogen whereas low blood glucose levels result in breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood. After adrenalectomy and overnight fasting, liver glycogen levels in the rat are reduced to about 0.03%. The adrenalectomized rat is easily stimulated to form new glycogen by injection of a glucocorticoid hormone such as dexamethasone (DEX).

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