Development of the tibiotarsus in the chick embryo: biosynthetic activities of histologically distinct regions

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
David L. Stocum ◽  
Richard M. Davis ◽  
Marilyn Leger ◽  
H. Edward Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Suture Line ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Marrow Cavity ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Fourth Zone ◽  
Low Activity

The dynamics of the histological changes which occur in the distal half of the tibial portion of the embryonic chick tibiotarsus from day 8 to day 18 of incubation are correlated with the capacities of histologically distinct zones to incorporate isotopic precursors into mucopolysaccharides and collagen. At the distal end of the tibia, which abuts the suture line formed by the fusion of the two tarsals with the tibia, there persists throughout embryonic development a narrow band ofsmall, round or oval, rapidly dividing chondrocytes which synthesize chondroitin SO4 and collagen at low rates. Just proximal to this zone is a broader zone of flattened, disc-shaped chondrocytes which divide more slowly and are extremely active in chondroitin SO4 and collagen synthesis. Proximal to the zone of flattened chondrocytes is a zone of non-dividing, hypertrophied chondrocytes which are large and round and increase continually in size going from the distal to the proximal end of the zone. The biosynthetic activities of the cells in this zone fall sharply with their distance from the zone of flattened chondrocytes. Finally, there is a fourth zone, the marrow cavity, formed by a proximal to distal disintegration of the hypertrophied chondrocytes, starting at mid-diaphysis. The marrow cavity is surrounded by a shell of periosteal and intra-membranous bone which extends to the distal end of the zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes. Our data suggest that as the tibiotarsus grows in length the small, round rapidly dividing cells of the tibia differentiate first to flattened chondrocytes which synthesize matrix at a high rate and ultimately to low activity, hypertrophying chondrocytes. This sequence proceeds in a linear fashion.

Collagen types IX and X in the developing chick tibiotarsus: analyses of mRNAs and proteins

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Linsenmayer ◽  
Q.A. Chen ◽  
E. Gibney ◽  
M.K. Gordon ◽  
J.K. Marchant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Type X Collagen ◽  
Collagen Types ◽  
Marrow Cavity ◽  
Cartilage Development ◽  
Collagen Protein

To examine the regulation of collagen types IX and X during the hypertrophic phase of endochondral cartilage development, we have employed in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence histochemistry on selected stages of embryonic chick tibiotarsi. The data show that mRNA for type X collagen appears at or about the time that we detect the first appearance of the protein. This result is incompatible with translational regulation, which would require accumulation of the mRNA to occur at an appreciably earlier time. Data on later-stage embryos demonstrate that once hypertrophic chondrocytes initiate synthesis of type X collagen, they sustain high levels of its mRNA during the remainder of the hypertrophic program. This suggests that these cells maintain their integrity until close to the time that they are removed at the advancing marrow cavity. Type X collagen protein in the hypertrophic matrix also extends to the marrow cavity. Type IX collagen is found throughout the hypertrophic matrix, as well as throughout the younger cartilaginous matrices. But the mRNA for this molecule is largely or completely absent from the oldest hypertrophic cells. These data are consistent with a model that we have previously proposed in which newly synthesized type X collagen within the hypertrophic zone can become associated with type II/IX collagen fibrils synthesized and deposited earlier in development (Schmid and Linsenmayer, 1990; Chen et al. 1990).

Collagen synthesis and degradation in embryonic chick-bone explants.

1979 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1042-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sakamoto ◽  
S Sakamoto ◽  
D Brickley-Parsons ◽  
M J Glimcher
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

scholarly journals THE LOSS OF PHENOTYPIC TRAITS BY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS

1966 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Abbott ◽  
Howard Holtzer
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Genetically Determined

Observations were made on the behavior of chondrocytes grown under various conditions in vitro. The chondrocytes in 10-day embryonic chick vertebrae were grown as cultures of intact vertebrae, as pellets of chondrocytes liberated from their matrix, and as monodispersed cells plated out on plasma clots. Cartilage matrix was stained metachromatically with toluidine blue. Radioautographs were made of incorporated H3-thymidine, H3-proline, and S35-sulfate to determine the extent of DNA synthesis, collagen synthesis, and chondroitin sulfate synthesis, respectively. Chondrocytes in intact vertebrae or in pellets are rounded and actively synthesizing chondroitin sulfate and collagen. There is little DNA synthesis by cells in either vertebrae or pellets. Chondrocytes grown as monodisperse cells rapidly cease synthesizing cytologically detectable chondroitin sulfate and are induced to synthesize DNA and divide. There is a change in the shape of these chondrocytes from a rounded to a more stellate condition which accompanies the shift in metabolic activity. Conversely, when the cells attain a certain cell density, they reacquire a rounded shape, cease dividing, and again synthesize chondroitin sulfate. Clusters of chondrocytes synthesize more chondroitin sulfate than isolated chondrocytes. It is concluded that most chondrocytes synthesizing chondroitin sulfate do not concurrently synthesize DNA. Interaction between associated chondrocytes is important in inducing and maintaining chondroitin sulfate synthesis in genetically determined chondrocytes. Failure of interaction between chondrocytes leads to DNA synthesis and cell multiplication.

scholarly journals Cooperation between PDGF and FGF converts slowly dividing O-2Aadult progenitor cells to rapidly dividing cells with characteristics of O-2Aperinatal progenitor cells.

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Wolswijk ◽  
M Noble
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
And Migration

We have shown previously that oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells isolated from adult rat optic nerves can be distinguished in vitro from their perinatal counterparts on the basis of their much slower rates of division, differentiation, and migration when grown in the presence of cortical astrocytes or PDGF. This behavior is consistent with in vivo observations that there is only a modest production of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS. As such a behavior is inconsistent with the likely need for a rapid generation of oligodendrocytes following demyelinating damage to the mature CNS, we have been concerned with identifying in vitro conditions that allow O-2Aadult progenitor cells to generate rapidly large numbers of progeny cells. We now provide evidence that many slowly dividing O-2Aadult progenitor cells can be converted to rapidly dividing cells by exposing adult optic nerve cultures to both PDGF and bFGF. In addition, these O-2Aadult progenitor cells appear to acquire other properties of O-2Aperinatal progenitor cells, such as bipolar morphology and high rate of migration. Although many O-2Aadult progenitor cells in cultures exposed to bFGF alone also divide rapidly, these cells are multipolar and migrate little in vitro. Oligodendrocytic differentiation of O-2Aadult progenitor cells, which express receptors for bFGF in vitro, is almost completely inhibited in cultures exposed to bFGF or bFGF plus PDGF. As bFGF and PDGF appear to be upregulated and/or released after injury to the adult brain, this particular in vitro response of O-2Aadult progenitor cells to PDGF and bFGF may be of importance in the generation of large numbers of new oligodendrocytes in vivo following demyelination.

The in Vitro Effect of Insulin on Collagen Synthesis in Embryonic Chick Tibia

1973 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 1152-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Perlish ◽  
R. I. Bashey ◽  
R. Fleischmajer
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Chick Tibia ◽  
Vitro Effect

scholarly journals Synthesis of a low molecular weight collagen by chondrocytes from the presumptive calcification region of the embryonic chick sterna: the influence of culture with collagen gels.

1984 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Gibson ◽  
B W Beaumont ◽  
M H Flint
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Collagen Gels ◽  
Discrete Populations

The mature chick sternum is divisible almost equally into cephalic calcified and caudal cartilagenous regions. Isolation and culture of cells derived from embryonic precursors of these regions has revealed two discrete populations of cells with distinct morphological features and synthetic capabilities. Both cell populations grew well in culture within or upon collagen gels or upon plastic and maintained morphologies similar to those observed in the parent tissue. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radiolabeled proteins synthesized by the cells in culture demonstrated large differences in the types of collagens synthesized. Both chondrocyte populations synthesized type II and minor cartilage collagens but only chondrocytes isolated from the presumptive calcification region synthesized the previously identified, low molecular weight collagen, termed G collagen. Synthesis of G collagen was stimulated by culture within or upon collagen gels such that it represented an average of 65% of the total collagen synthesized by presumptive calcification region chondrocytes after 7 d of culture within collagen gels. Light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the two chondrocyte types exhibited distinct morphological features and accumulated different extracellular matrices in culture.

Metabolic rates for major nutrients in suspension cultures of plant cells

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyson Rose ◽  
S. M. Martin ◽  
P. P. F. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Polynomial Functions ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Dry Cell Weight ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Dry Cell ◽  
Minor Extent

Well-habituated cells, which had been initiated from root tissue of Ipomoea sp. and kept in suspension culture for more than 2 years, were grown in 14-liter stirred-jar fermenters in complex media containing casein hydrolysate. Samples were taken at 12-h intervals, and both cells and media analyzed for major constituents. Polynomial functions of time were fitted, by least squares, to these data, and the rate of disappearance or accumulation (medium and cells, respectively) of the major components was calculated by dividing the first derivative of these functions by the corresponding dry cell weight. The results indicate that growth of these cultures involved a sequence of activities such that the culture as a whole, during the period of rapid increase in cell yield, progressed from one containing predominantly dividing cells with a high rate of nitrogen anabolism to one containing predominantly "maturing" cells with a proportionately higher rate of carbohydrate anabolism. Increasing the nitrogen content of the medium affected the metabolic rates and the apparent net growth rate to only a minor extent, but did alter cell composition.

Stimulation of Collagen Synthesis in Embryonic Chick Skin by Insulin

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza I. Bashey ◽  
Jerome S. Perlish ◽  
Raul Fleischmajer
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Stimulation Of
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