Liquid-tissue behavior and differential cohesiveness during chick limb budding

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
K. F. Heintzelman ◽  
H. M. Phillips ◽  
G. S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Surface Tensions ◽  
Mesoderm Cell ◽  
Tension Properties ◽  
Tissue Surface ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Flank Surface

Emerging chick limb-buds at first grow only in length, not width. The growth parameters of limb mesoderm — cell shapes, distributions, division patterns and cleavage orientations — are incompatible with representations of this tissue as an elongating solid composed of proliferating but immobile cells. We observe that samples of both early limb mesoderm and also surrounding flank mesoderm round up like liquid droplets in organ culture. Therefore, liquid-like tissue rearrangments, including cell shuffling movements and neighbor exchanges, may occur in limb and flank mesoderm during in vivo limb budding. If so, differences in limb-flank surface tension properties would have to be present to keep these two fluid cell populations segregated into distinct tissues and properly positioned underneath limb and flank ectoderm. Previous studies have shown that tissue surface tensions are reflected in the spreading behavior of fused pairs of cell aggregates. To determine whether or not they possess differing surface tension properties, we pair excised pieces of early leg-bud, wing-bud or intervening flank mesoderm with pieces of 5¾-day heart or liver in hanging drop cultures. For more rapid determinations of relative liquid-tissue cohesiveness than can be obtained in conventional, long-term experiments, aggregate pairs are fixed shortly after fusion. Since partial-envelopment configurations depend upon relative aggregate sizes as well as their tissue surface tensions, new procedures are used to deduce relative aggregate cohesiveness from cross-sections of these briefly fused aggregate pairs. The envelopment tendencies of aggregates fixed 6–9 h after fusion are similar to those fixed 15–19 h after fusion: heart tends to surround leg; heart and wing surround each other with similar frequencies, but flank tends to surround heart. Also, liver tends to surround leg and wing, but flank tends to surround liver. When the effects of relative aggregate size are taken into account, these non-random, tissue-specific patterns of aggregate envelopment indicate that the relative cohesiveness of these tissues falls into the sequence: leg > heart ∼ wing > liver > flank. The in vitro behavior of early limb-bud and neighboring flank mesoderm in these studies suggests that they are not simply mechanically identical portions of a single liquid tissue. We have previously proposed that early limb-bud mesoderm may act like a non-dispersing, cohesive liquid droplet which is embedded within a less cohesive fluid layer of flank tissue (and which is molded distally into paddle-shaped conformations by solid-like limb ectoderm and/or subjacent extracellular matrix). This proposal is not only compatible with the growth parameters of limb-bud mesoderm in vivo, but is also consistent with our observation that flank mesoderm surrounds tissues which surround limb mesoderm in these aggregate-fusion-experiments. Our model suggests that differences in the surface tension properties of limb vs. flank mesoderm may combine with differential cell proliferation, and possibly with active limb ectoderm expansion, to generate initial proximodistal limb outgrowth.

Effect of intra-alveolar fluid on pulmonary surface tension properties

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. C. Johnson ◽  
S. Permutt ◽  
John H. Sipple ◽  
El Sayed Salem
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Surface Tensions ◽  
Tension Properties ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Surface Active Material

In 17 anesthetized dogs, 50–150 ml of isotonic saline or human amniotic fluid were instilled into a degassed lobe and after 2–6 hr of spontaneous or artificial ventilation, the lungs were excised. Static pressure-volume and extract surface tension values were then determined on a fluid- and a nonfluid-instilled lobe from each animal. When compared with nonfluid-instilled lobes the fluid-instilled lobes were found to have proportionately smaller volumes at maximum inflation ( P < .02) and during deflation ( P < .001) as well as regional areas with higher surface tension properties ( P < .001). It is proposed that the pressure-volume studies may furnish a useful means of assessing the anatomical extent of alterations in lung surface tension. There was a significant negative correlation between maximum inflation volumes and maximum surface tensions ( P < .001) as well as between the volumes during deflation and the minimum surface tensions ( P < .001). It is concluded that intra-alveolar fluid may inactivate or displace the surface-active material from the alveolar lining membrane. amniotic fluid; lung pressure-volume studies; lung surfactant Submitted on April 11, 1963

scholarly journals Pavement cells and the topology puzzle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Carter ◽  
Yara E. Sánchez-Corrales ◽  
Verônica A. Grieneisen ◽  
Athanasius F. M. Marée
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Pavement Cell ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Division Plane ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Parsimonious Model

AbstractD’Arcy Thompson emphasised the importance of surface tension as a potential driving force in establishing cell shape and topology within tissues. Leaf epidermal pavement cells grow into jigsaw-piece shapes, highly deviating from such classical forms. We investigate the topology of developing Arabidopsis leaves composed solely of pavement cells. Image analysis of around 50,000 cells reveals a clear and unique topological signature, deviating from previously studied epidermal tissues. This topological distribution is however established early during leaf development, already before the typical pavement cell shapes emerge, with topological homestasis maintained throughout growth and unaltered between division and maturation zones. Simulating graph models, we identify a heuristic cellular division rule that reproduces the observed topology. Our parsimonious model predicts how and when cells effectively place their division plane with respect to their neighbours. We verify the predicted dynamics through in vivo tracking of 800 mitotic events, and conclude that the distinct topology is not a direct consequence of the jigsaw-like shape of the cells, but rather owes itself to a strongly life-history-driven process, with limited impact from cell surface mechanics.Summary statementDevelopment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis topology is driven by deceptively simple rules of cell division, independent of surface tension, cell size and, often complex, cell shape.

Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1611-1620 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Foty ◽  
C.M. Pfleger ◽  
G. Forgacs ◽  
M.S. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Surface Tensions ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Differential Adhesion ◽  
Embryonic Limb ◽  
The One ◽  
Differential Adhesion Hypothesis

During embryonic development, certain tissues stream to their destinations by liquidlike spreading movements. According to the ‘differential adhesion hypothesis’, these movements are guided by cell-adhesion-generated tissue surface tensions (sigmas), operating in the same manner as surface tensions do in the mutual spreading behavior of immiscible liquids, among which the liquid of lower surface tension is always the one that spreads over its partner. In order to conduct a direct physical test of the ‘differential adhesion hypothesis’, we have measured the sigmas of aggregates of five chick embryonic tissues, using a parallel plate compression apparatus specifically designed for this purpose, and compared the measured values with these tissues' mutual spreading behaviors. We show that aggregates of each of these tissues behave for a time as elasticoviscous liquids with characteristic surface tension values. Chick embryonic limb bud mesoderm (sigma = 20.1 dyne/cm) is enveloped by pigmented epithelium (sigma = 12.6 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by heart (sigma = 8.5 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by liver (sigma = 4.6 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by neural retina (sigma = 1.6 dyne/cm). Thus, as predicted, the tissues' surface tension values fall in the precise sequence required to account for their mutual envelopment behavior.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on the differentiation of embryonic tissues growing in vivo and in vitro .—II. The development of the isolated early embryonic eye of the fowl when cultivated in vitro

1926 ◽  
Vol 100 (703) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Self Differentiation

In a previous communication (Strangeways and Fell, 1926) it was shown that if the undifferentiated limb-bud of the embryonic Fowl was cultivated in vitro , it underwent a considerable amount of progressive development. This capacity for independent development in vitro possessed by an isolated organ has been further investigated, and for these later experiments the writers have employed the early embryonic eye, a structure endowed with more complex potentialities than the limb-bud. As a result of these experiments it was found that the eyes of young Fowl embryos possess, in a remarkable degree, the faculty for self-differentiation in vitro and for “organotypic” growth as defined by Maximow (1925). The previous work on organotypic growth in vitro has already been briefly outlined in the writers’ earlier paper and need not be discussed here. The expenses connected with the experiments described in this communication were met by the Medical Research Council, to whom the writers desire to express their thanks.

Effect of Fluorocarbon Liquid on Surface Tension Properties of Pulmonary Surfactant

CHEST Journal ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome H. Modell ◽  
Frank Gollan ◽  
Samuel T. Giammona ◽  
Donald Parker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Tension Properties

Brachyury - a gene affecting mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. P. Beddington ◽  
P. Rashbass ◽  
V. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mesoderm Cell ◽  
Rostrocaudal Axis

Mouse embryos that are homozygous for the Brachyury (T) deletion die at mid-gestation. They have prominent defects in the notochord, the allantois and the primitive streak. Expression of the T gene commences at the onset of gastrulation and is restricted to the primitive streak, mesoderm emerging from the streak, the head process and the notochord. Genetic evidence has suggested that there may be an increasing demand for T gene function along the rostrocaudal axis. Experiments reported here indicate that this may not be the case. Instead, the gradient in severity of the T defect may be caused by defective mesoderm cell movements, which result in a progressive accumulation of mesoderm cells near the primitive streak. Embryonic stem (ES) cells which are homozygous for the T deletion have been isolated and their differentiation in vitro and in vivo compared with that of heterozygous and wild-type ES cell lines. In +/+ ↔ T/T ES cell chimeras the Brachyury phenotype is not rescued by the presence of wild-type cells and high level chimeras show most of the features characteristic of intact T/T mutants. A few offspring from blastocysts injected with T/T ES cells have been born, several of which had greatly reduced or abnormal tails. However, little or no ES cell contribution was detectable in these animals, either as coat colour pigmentation or by isozyme analysis. Inspection of potential +/+ ↔ T/T ES cell chimeras on the 11th or 12th day of gestation, stages later than that at which intact T/T mutants die, revealed the presence of chimeras with caudal defects. These chimeras displayed a gradient of ES cell colonisation along the rostrocaudal axis with increased colonisation of caudal regions. In addition, the extent of chimerism in ectodermal tissues (which do not invaginate during gastrulation) tended to be higher than that in mesodermal tissues (which are derived from cells invaginating through the primitive streak). These results suggest that nascent mesoderm cells lacking the T gene are compromised in their ability to move away from the primitive streak. This indicates that one function of the T genemay be to regulate cell adhesion or cell motility properties in mesoderm cells. Wild-type cells in +/+ ↔ T/T chimeras appear to move normally to populate trunk and head mesoderm, suggesting that the reduced motility in T/T cells is a cell autonomous defect

FGF-4 maintains polarizing activity of posterior limb bud cells in vivo and in vitro

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vogel ◽  
C. Tickle
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Anterior Margin ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Apical Ectodermal Ridge ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Vertebrate Limb

The polarizing region is a major signalling tissue involved in patterning the tissues of the vertebrate limb. The polarizing region is located at the posterior margin of the limb bud and can be recognized by its ability to induce additional digits when grafted to the anterior margin of a chick limb bud. The signal from the polarizing region operates at the tip of the bud in the progress zone, a zone of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, maintained by interactions with the apical ectodermal ridge. A number of observations have pointed to a link between the apical ectodermal ridge and signalling by the polarizing region. To test this possibility, we removed the posterior apical ectodermal ridge of chick wing buds and assayed posterior mesenchyme for polarizing activity. When the apical ectodermal ridge is removed, there is a marked decrease in polarizing activity of posterior cells. The posterior apical ectodermal ridge is known to express FGF-4 and we show that the decrease in polarizing activity of posterior cells of wing buds that normally follows ridge removal can be prevented by implanting a FGF-4-soaked bead. Furthermore, we show that both ectoderm and FGF-4 maintain polarizing activity of limb bud cells in culture.

Measurement of Burst Pressure of Capillary Burst Valve

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Chen ◽  
Toru Yamada ◽  
Mohammad Faghri
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Solid Surface ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Surface Tensions ◽  
Fluid Surface ◽  
Mechanical Components

Capillary burst valve (CBV), a counterpart to an elastomeric diaphragm microvalve, handles fluid in microchannels by capillarity. Thus, it avoids integration of mechanical components. We experimentally estimated the burst pressure, beyond which CBV cannot hold fluid, using fluids with distinct surface tensions in CBVs grafted with distinct surface constitutions in microchannels. We found that both the fluid surface tension and the solid surface constitution influence the burst pressure. The burst pressure reduces more significantly under the influence of the fluid surface tension.

scholarly journals Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pyrene by Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria Gordonia cholesterolivorans AMP 10

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Handayani Kurniati ◽  
Iman Rusmana ◽  
Ani Suryani ◽  
Nisa Rachmania Mubarik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Lubricant Oil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Pyrene Concentration

<p>Pyrene degradation and biosurfactant activity by a new strain identified as <em>Gordonia cholesterolivorans </em>AMP 10 were studied. The strain grew well and produced effective biosurfactants in the presence of glucose, sucrose, and crude oil. The biosurfactants production was detected by the decreased surface tension of the medium and emulsification activity.  Analysis of microbial growth parameters showed that AMP10 grew best at 50 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> pyrene concentration, leading to 96 % degradation of pyrene within 7 days. The result of nested PCR analysis revealed that this isolate possessed the <em>nah</em>Ac gene which encodes dioxygenase enzyme for initial degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH). Observation of both tensio-active and emulsifying activities indicated that biosurfactants which produced by AMP 10 when grown on glucose could lower the surface tension of medium from 71.3 mN/m to 24.7 mN/m and formed a stable emulsion in used lubricant oil with an emulsifying index (E24) of 74%. According to the results, it is suggested that the bacterial isolates <em>G. cholesterolivorans</em> AMP10 are suitable candidates for bioremediation of PAH-contaminated environments.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Kurniati, T. H.,  Rusmana, I. Suryani, A. &amp; Mubarik, N. R. (2016). Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pyrene by Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria <em>Gordonia cholesterolivorans</em> AMP 10. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education</em>, 8(3), 336-343. </p>

Elastin exhibits a distinctive temporal and spatial pattern of distribution in the developing chick limb in association with the establishment of the cartilaginous skeleton

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 2623-2634 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Hurle ◽  
G. Corson ◽  
K. Daniels ◽  
R.S. Reiter ◽  
L.Y. Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

In this work we have analyzed the presence of elastic components in the extracellular matrices of the developing chick leg bud. The distributions of elastin and fibrillin were studied immunohistochemically in whole-mount preparations using confocal laser microscopy. The association of these constituents of the elastic matrix with other components of the extracellular matrix was also studied, using several additional antibodies. Our results reveal the transient presence of an elastin-rich scaffold of extracellular matrix fibrillar material in association with the establishment of the cartilaginous skeleton of the leg bud. The scaffold consisted of elastin-positive fibers extending from the ectodermal surface of the limb to the central cartilage-forming regions and between adjacent cartilages. Fibrillin immunolabeling was negative in this fibrillar scaffold while other components of the extracellular matrix including: tenascin, laminin and collagens type I, type III and type VI; appeared codistributed with elastin in some regions of the scaffold. Progressive changes in the spatial pattern of distribution of the elastin-positive scaffold were detected in explant cultures in which one expects a modification in the mechanical stresses of the tissues related to growth. A scaffold of elastin comparable to that found in vivo was also observed in high-density micromass cultures of isolated limb mesodermal cells. In this case the elastic fibers are observed filling the spaces located between the cartilaginous nodules. The fibers become reoriented and attach to the ectodermal basal surface when an ectodermal fragment is located at the top of the growing micromass. Our results suggest that the formation of the cartilaginous skeleton of the limb involves the segregation of the undifferentiated limb mesenchyme into chondrogenic and elastogenic cell lineages. Further, a role for the elastic fiber scaffold in coordinating the size and the spatial location of the cartilaginous skeletal elements within the limb bud is also suggested from our observations.

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