Neuronal adjustments in developing nuclear centers of the chick embryo following transplantation of an additional optic primordium

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
C. H. Narayanan ◽  
Y. Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Oblique Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Experimental Side ◽  
Trochlear Nucleus ◽  
Oculomotor Nuclei ◽  
And Control ◽  
Number Of Cells

Following transplantation of an additional optic primordium into the orbital mesenchyme of chick embryos of approximately 2 days of incubation age, the changes in cell number in the ciliary ganglion, accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei were studied at various stages of development. Cell counts were made at 1-day intervals from days 9 through 15 for ciliary ganglion, and from days 13 through 15 for the accessory oculomotor and trochlear nuclei. Cell counts for the ciliary ganglion on days 9 and 11 were similar on the operated and control sides which suggests that grafting of an additional optic primordium, and thus enlarging the periphery, is not involved in the control of proliferation. Comparison of the number of cells for the ciliary ganglia and the accessory oculomotor nuclei at days 13 and 15 showed an increase on the affected side ranging from 8 to 27 %, and 9 to 33 % respectively. We interpret this increase on the experimental side as a reduction in the number of degenerating cells that occur in normal development, as a result of an enlargement of the peripheral field of innervation. Three cases showed an increase in the number of cells in the trochlear nucleus ranging from 9 to 29 %. This increase was attributed to an increase in the size of the superior oblique muscle of the operated side as determined by volumetric measurements. On the basis of the evidence we conclude that an enlarged periphery acts by regulating the level of naturally occurring cell death by reducing the amount of cell loss, leading to a corresponding increase in final cell number.

scholarly journals Lovastatin reduces neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 subfield after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus: preliminary results

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 972-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Rangel ◽  
Roberta Monterazzo Cysneiros ◽  
Ricardo Mario Arida ◽  
Marly de Albuquerque ◽  
Diego Basile Colugnati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Counts

OBJECTIVE: To further characterize the capacity of lovastatin to prevent hippocampal neuronal loss after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) METHOD: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (A) control rats, received neither pilocarpine nor lovastatin (n=5); (B) control rats, received just lovastatin (n=5); (C) rats that received just pilocarpine (n=5); (D) rats that received pilocarpine and lovastatin (n=5). After pilocarpine injection (350mg/kg, i.p.), only rats that displayed continuous, convulsive seizure activity were included in our study. Seizure activity was monitored behaviorally and terminated with an injection of diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) after 4 h of convulsive SE. The rats treated with lovastatin received two doses of 20mg/kg via an oesophagic probe immediately and 24 hours after SE induction. Seven days after pilocarpine-induced SE, all the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for histological analysis through Nissl method. RESULTS: The cell counts in the Nissl-stained sections performed within the hippocampal formation showed a significant cell loss in rats that received pilocarpine and presented SE (CA1= 26.8 ± 13.67; CA3= 38.1 ± 7.2; hilus= 43.8 ± 3.95) when compared with control group animals (Group A: CA1= 53.2 ± 9.63; CA3= 63.5 ± 13.35; hilus= 59.08 ± 10.24; Group B: CA1= 74.3 ± 8.16; CA3= 70.1 ± 3.83; hilus= 70.6 ± 5.10). The average neuronal cell number of CA1 subfield of rats that present SE and received lovastatin (44.4 ± 17.88) was statically significant increased when compared with animals that just presented SE. CONCLUSION: Lovastatin exert a neuroprotective role in the attenuation of brain damage after SE.

Histological Changes in the Rat Femoral Artery Following the Use of the Empty-and-Refill Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
Alexandra Naides ◽  
Roberto Noland ◽  
Jiajie Lu ◽  
Yelena Akelina ◽  
Charles Marboe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Femoral Arteries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vessel Patency ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

Background This study examines the effects of the empty-and-refill patency test on rat femoral arteries in the longer postoperative time period. Methods A simple arterial anastomosis was performed bilaterally on 20 rats. The empty-and-refill test was performed unilaterally in all rats, leaving the contralateral artery as an internal control. Rats were divided into two cohorts of 10 rats and survived for 48 hours and 2 weeks. Vessel patency was assessed prior to closing and immediately prior to sacrifice. The femoral arteries were harvested bilaterally and hematoxylin and eosin stains were performed. The femoral artery distal to the anastomosis in the region of the empty-and-refill test was histologically evaluated. Results All vessels were patent at the time of sacrifice. There was no statistical difference in the numeric scoring between the experimental and control vessels in the 48-hour cohort. Almost all vessels harvested at 48 hours showed endothelial cell loss distal to the anastomosis regardless of whether they underwent the empty-and-refill test. The only statistically significant difference in the 2-week cohort was an increase in adventitial smooth muscle proliferation in the experimental group. There were no other statistically significant results between the experimental and control groups at 2 weeks. An overall comparison of both cohorts revealed a statistically significant increase in endothelial cell number and intimal proliferation by 2 weeks postsurgery. Conclusion The empty-and-refill test does not compromise rat femoral artery anastomotic patency, nor does it produce histological damage either 48 hours or 2 weeks postsurgery.

Genetic effects on the timing of early development in the mouse

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-498
Author(s):  
Anne McLaren ◽  
Patricia Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Cells

1. On the 4th day of gestation, embryos were recovered from mice of the C57BL, R III, JU, C3H and Q strains, and cell counts were carried out. Significant differences between strains were seen, both in the percentage of embryos which had reached the blastocyst stage, and in the mean number of cells per embryo. C57BL embryos had most cells, and C3H embryos fewest. 2. Examination of earlier stages of C57BL and C3H development showed that the proportionate difference in cell number remained constant, so that the difference involved the time at which cleavage began, and not the rate of cleavage. Activation of the eggs and the formation of pronuclei also occurred earlier in C57BL than in C3H females. 3. The difference in cell number between C57BL and C3H embryos did not depend on a difference in time of mating, nor on the genotype of the male, since reciprocal crosses were similar to the maternal strain. The difference was maintained in culture from the two-cell stage.

scholarly journals A Fast, Decentralized, Self-Aligned Carrier Method for Multicellular Converters

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Quoc Dung Phan ◽  
Guillaume Gateau ◽  
Phu Cong Nguyen ◽  
Marc Cousineau ◽  
Huu Phuc To ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Iteration Process ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Multilevel Converter ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Multiphase Converters ◽  
Number Of Cells

This paper proposes a fast, decentralized method for self-aligning the carriers of a multiphase/multilevel converter operating on the basis of phase-shifted pulse width modulation or level-shifted pulse width modulation. In the proposed method, each cell of the converter synchronizes and updates simultaneously its own carrier angle or carrier level based on the information shared with its neighboring cell, such as its angle/level, its index number, and the total number of activated cells of the converter. Different from the conventional decentralized method (with basic and modified updating rules), which requires some conditions in terms of cell number and initial carrier angles to start up and operate properly, the proposed method can be applied to the system with any number of cells and does not require special conditions of initial carrier angles. Further, while the conventional method needs an iteration process to adjust the inter-carrier phase-shifts and can be applied only to a multiphase converter which uses phase-shifted pulse width modulation, the proposed method offers an accurate and fast alignment of phases (for phase-shifted pulse width modulation) or levels (for level-shifted pulse width modulation) and thus can be applied to both multiphase and multilevel converter types. The simulations and the experimental results are presented in detail to show the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Further, thorough simulations on multiphase converters with different number of cells also show that the proposed method is much faster than the conventional method in both configuration and reconfiguration processes, especially in case the system has a large number of cells.

SOME EFFECTS ON FRUIT SIZE OF CHROMOSOME 2 OF THE TOMATO

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Map ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Number Of Cells

Fruit weights taken from two F2's of 1500 plants indicated that the genes d p o s Lc dil and suf all affect fruit weight. The recessive alleles, except suf and Lc, were associated with small fruit size. The data were analyzed to determine whether this association was the result of linkage or pleiotropic effects. The major effect occurred in the o region, which is some 44 units from the centromere of chromosome 2. The o gene makes the genes oval or pear-shaped instead of spherical, and it is shown that when the locule wall of a spherical fruit and an oval fruit are composed of the same number of cells, the spherical fruit is always heavier. Since cell number is the inherited unit of fruit size, then o is always associated with small size. A gene controlling number of locules, which affects fruit size, is also located in this section of the chromosome. The genes d and s, which are at opposite ends of the present linkage map, both appear to be linked with fruit size genes. It is suggested that these size genes lie in the hetero-chromatin which is adjacent to both ends of the linkage map. The genes dil and suf, which were produced by radiation of the same variety, appear to have pleiotropic effects on fruit size; suf increasing, and dil decreasing fruit size.

scholarly journals Quantitation of mast cell heparin by flow cytofluorometry.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Enerbäck ◽  
G Berlin ◽  
I Svensson ◽  
I Rundquist
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Flow Cytofluorometry ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Mixed Cell Population ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Excellent Reproducibility

Mast cells can be automatically identified in a mixed cell population by flow cytofluorometry after Berberine sulphate staining. Volume specific counts of the total number of cells and number of mast cells, as well as frequency distributions of fluorescence intensities of mast cells, based on a large number of cells, can be rapidly obtained. Results obtained by microscope fluorometry of cells identified by phase contrast microscopy showviously published results it may be inferred that the fluorescence intensity of individual mast cells is proportional to mast cell heparin content. The automated cell counts correlated very well with manual hemocytometer counts. Both cell counts and the determination of mean mast cell fluorescence showed excellent reproducibility.

scholarly journals Cell Loss from the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's Disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (S4) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Doucette ◽  
M. Fisman ◽  
V.C. Hachinski ◽  
H. Mersky
Keyword(s):  
Paraffin Section ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Nucleus Basalis ◽  
Nucleus Basalis Of Meynert ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Death Group ◽  
Group 1

Abstract:We examined the degree of neuronal loss from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) in two groups of Alzheimer patients differing in the degree of intellectual impairment. Significant cell loss from the nbM was found only in the more severely demented group of patients. Mean cell counts (per lOu, paraffin section) were compiled separately for the anterior, intermediate and posterior subdivisions of the human nbM in three groups of subjects: Group 1 (N = 4) was severely demented and was untestable on the Extended Scale for Dementia (ESD) for at least the last two years of life; Group 2 (N = 4) was less demented and had completed at least one ESD test within 12 months of death; Group 3 (five controls) had died of non-neurological causes. In Group 2 there was a small (but insignificant) trend toward cell loss in the anterior subdivision, and a normal complement of neurons in both the intermediate and posterior subdivisions. There was, however, significant cell loss from all subdivisions of Group 1. How these cell counts may relate to the severity of the dementia is discussed.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Its Relationship with the Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Aplastic Anemia 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengxiao Ren ◽  
Yongqin Ge ◽  
Jindan Qi ◽  
Shengli Xue ◽  
Miao Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Aplastic Anemia ◽  
Treg Cell ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
And Control ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Background: The characteristics of gut microbiota (GM) and its relationship with the Regulatory T Cells (Treg) remains unclear in patients with aplastic anemia (AA). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey which included 12 AA patients consisted of 6 with severity aplastic anemia (SAA) and 6 with non-severity aplastic anemia (NSAA) and 6 healthy participants. The GM and its relationship with the Treg cells of AA patients were analyzed. Results: The results showed that the presence of compositional differences in the GM structure between the AA and Control groups. The bacterial communities were depleted of Clostridia class (e.g., Lachnospiraceae ND3007, Lachnospiraceae XPB1014, Lachnolostridium, Ruminococcaceae UCG 013 and Butyricicoccus genus) in AA group, especially in SAA group. Inversely, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus genus from Bacilli class were increased significantly in patients with SAA. The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae (r=0.663, p=0.029), Clostridiaceae 1 (r=0.619, p=0.042) and Clostridiales vadinBB60 group family (r=0.674, p=0.023) which from Clostridia class, were positively correlated with the Treg cell counts. Conclusion: We speculated that the decrease of some bacteria from Clostridia class may participate in the pathophysiological process of AA through reducing the Treg cell counts. Notwithstanding the low sample size, our data provided some clues that the treatment strategy of AA could start by adjusting the imbalance of GM, increasing Treg cell counts to improve the suppression of bone marrow hematopoiesis.

scholarly journals Human Physiological Responses to a Single Deep Helium-Oxygen Diving

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Chen Bao ◽  
Quan Shen ◽  
Yi-Qun Fang ◽  
Jian-guo Wu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Cell Counts

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore whether a single deep helium-oxygen (heliox) dive affects physiological function.Methods: A total of 40 male divers performed an open-water heliox dive to 80 m of seawater (msw). The total diving time was 280 min, and the breathing helium-oxygen time was 20 min. Before and after the dive, blood and saliva samples were collected, and blood cell counts, cardiac damage, oxidative stress, vascular endothelial activation, and hormonal biomarkers were assayed.Results: An 80 msw heliox dive induced a significant increase in the percentage of granulocytes (GR %), whereas the percentage of lymphocytes (LYM %), percentage of intermediate cells (MID %), red blood cell number (RBC), hematocrit (hCT), and platelets (PLT) decreased. During the dive, concentrations of creatine kinase (CK), a myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) in serum and amylase alpha 1 (AMY1), and testosterone levels in saliva increased, in contrast, IgA levels in saliva decreased. Diving caused a significant increase in serum glutathione (GSH) levels and reduced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels but had no effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels.Conclusion: A single 80 msw heliox dive activates the endothelium, causes skeletal-muscle damage, and induces oxidative stress and physiological stress responses, as reflected in changes in biomarker concentrations.

Bile salt exposure increases proliferation through p38 and ERK MAPK pathways in a non-neoplastic Barrett’s cell line

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G335-G342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kshama Jaiswal ◽  
Christie Lopez-Guzman ◽  
Rhonda F. Souza ◽  
Stuart J. Spechler ◽  
George A. Sarosi
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Bile Reflux ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Neoplastic Progression ◽  
Mapk Pathways ◽  
Cell Counts

Bile reflux has been implicated in the neoplastic progression of Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Bile salts increase proliferation in a Barrett’s-associated adenocarcinoma cell line (SEG-1 cells) by activating ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. However, it is not clear that these findings in cancer cells are applicable to non-neoplastic cells of benign BE. We examined the effect of bile salts on three human cell lines: normal esophageal squamous (NES) cells, non-neoplastic Barrett’s cells (BAR cells), and SEG-1 cells. We hypothesized that bile salt exposure activates proproliferative and antiapoptotic pathways to promote increased growth in BE. NES, BAR, and SEG-1 cells were exposed to glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA) at a neutral pH for 5 min. Proliferation was measured by Coulter counter cell counts and a 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. GCDA-induced MAPK activation was examined by Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK and p38. Apoptosis was measured by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and annexin V staining after GCDA and UV-B exposure. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA. NES cells exposed to 5 min of GCDA did not increase cell number. In BAR cells, GCDA exposure increased cell number by 31%, increased phosphorylated p38 and ERK levels by two- to three-fold, increased BrdU incorporation by 30%, and decreased UV-induced apoptosis by 15–20%. In conclusion, in a non-neoplastic Barrett’s cell line, GCDA exposure induces proliferation by activation of both ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings suggest a potential mechanism whereby bile reflux may facilitate the neoplastic progression of BE.

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