Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
C. S. Le Lièvre ◽  
N. M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Neural Axis ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Interspecific grafts of neural tube and associated neural crest (NC) have been made between quail and chick embryos. Structural differences of the interphase nucleus in the two species make it possible to identify quail from chick cells in the chimaeras after Feulgen—Rossenbeck's staining and at the electron microscope level. Owing to the stability of the natural quail nuclear marker labelling, migration pattern and developmental fate of the grafted NC cells could be followed in the host embryo. In previous work it has been demonstrated that the visceral skeleton derives entirely from NC mesenchyme and the various levels of the neural axis from which visceral cartilages and bones originate have been established. In the present work, the contribution to the lower jaw and pharynx of NC mesenchymal derivatives other than bones and cartilages has been studied. It is shown that the dermis in the face and ventrolateral side of the neck has a neural origin. The wall of the large arteries deriving from the branchial arches (systemic aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunks and common carotid arteries) are entirely made up of mesectodermal cells except for the endothelial epithelium which is mesodermal in origin. The presence in the wall of the common carotid arteries of fiuorogenic monoamines-containing cells is demonstrated using the formol-induced-fiuorescence technique. Like the secretory cells of the carotid body, the fluorescent cells of the carotid artery wall originate from the rhombencephalic NC. Connective tissue of the lower jaw, tongue and ventrolateral part of the neck originate from the neural crest. Mesectoderm participate in the formation of the glands associated with the tongue and pharynx (lingual gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids) giving their mesenchymal component. On the other hand, as demonstrated previously by our group, NC cells are the main cellular component of the UB since they give rise to the calcitoninproducing cells. The wall of the oesophagus and trachea is of mesodermal origin, but adipose tissue around the trachea and parasympathetic enteric ganglia of the digestive tube derives from NC. NC cells participate in the formation of striated muscles of the branchial arches and differentiate there into connective and muscle cells. It appears from this study that the differentiating capabilities are similar in mesenchymal and mesectodermal cells with the exception of blood vessel endothelia which in our experiments are always of host origin in mesectoderm-derived tissues. The capacity of the NC to give rise to mesenchymal derivatives is restricted to the cephalic neural axis down to the level of the 5th somite in both chick and quail embryos.

Head morphogenesis in embryonic avian chimeras: evidence for a segmental pattern in the ectoderm corresponding to the neuromeres

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Couly ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Quail Embryo ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Developmental Unit

Areas of the superficial cephalic ectoderm, including or excluding the neural fold at the same level, were surgically removed from 3-somite chick embryos and replaced by their counterparts excised from a quail embryo at the same developmental stage. Strips of ectoderm corresponding to the presumptive branchial arches were delineated, thus defining anteroposterior ‘segments’ (designated here as ‘ectomeres’) that coincided with the spatial distribution of neural crest cells arising from the adjacent levels of the neural fold. This discrete ectodermal metamerisation parallels the segmentation of the hindbrain into rhombomeres. It seems, therefore, that not only is the neural crest patterned according to its rhombomeric origin but that the superficial ectoderm covering the branchial arches may be part of a larger developmental unit that includes the entire neurectoderm, i.e., the neural tube and the neural crest.

The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Le Douarin ◽  
Marie-Aimée Teillet
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Neuroblast Migration ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Neural Axis ◽  
Hind Gut

Isotopic and isochronic grafts of quail neural primordium in chick embryos have been made. Due to the particular structure of their nuclei, quail cells can be distinguished from chick cells and so be used as natural markers to study the migration of neural crest cells. We have been able to demonstrate by this technique that the parasympathetic enteric ganglion cells arise from two different levels of the embryonic neural axis which correspond to the vagal and lumbo-sacral parasympathetic centres. The main source of the enteric neuroblasts is located at the level of the somites 1–7. It gives rise to ganglion cells which migrate in the whole gut including the large intestine and rectum. The other region from which enteric neuroblasts originate is situated behind the level of the 28th somite and gives rise only to some post-umbilical gut ganglion cells. In this region of the intestine the ganglia are made up of a mixture of cells arising from the vagal and the lumbo-sacral levels of the neural axis. The part of the neural primordium between the 8th and the 28th somite does not participate in the formation of the enteric ganglia. The chronology of the enteric neuroblast migration has been studied. Most cells of vagal origin leave the neural crest before the 13-somite stage but the migration lasts sometimes until after the 16-somite stage. Those cells which have to reach the hind-gut level accomplish a long-term migration which can be evaluated at 6 days or more. The presumptive neuroblasts of lumbo-sacral origin are not found in the hind-gut before the 7th day of incubation. In our experiments we have never observed the migration of any quail cells into the endoderm of the chick host embryo. Therefore we consider that enterochromaffin cells of the digestive epithelium are not derived from the levels of the neural crest concerned in these experiments (i.e. rhombencephalic and medullary Anlagen).

Analysis of endoderm formation in the avian blastoderm by the use of quail-chick chimaeras

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
J. Fontaine ◽  
N. M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Migration Of Cells ◽  
Chick And Quail Embryos

The formation of the endoderm has been investigated in chimaeric embryos resulting from the combination of the lower and upper germ layers taken from chick and quail embryos at stages 2–6 of Vakaët (1962). The ability to recognize quail from chick cells made it possible to follow the fate of each germ layer during development. It appeared that the primitive hypoblast participates in the formation of the anterolateral extra-embryonic endoderm while the embryonic endoderm is formed later by migration of cells of the ectomesoblast through Hensen's node and the primitive streak. Further interspecific combinations were carried out between ectoderm and endoderm + mesoderm from quail and chick embryos at stages 5–7 of Hamburger and Hamilton. The explants were grafted into chick embryos for several days and the intestinal structures which developed were observed. No contribution of cells from the neurectoderm to the endoderm was found. In contrast, cells coming from the neural crest colonized the intestinal structures and gave rise to the enteric ganglia. It was concluded from these observations that the enterochromaffin and endocrine cells of the gut epithelium do not originate from the neurectoderm.

Rôle des cellules mésectodermiques issues des crêtes neurales céphaliques dans la formation des arcs branchiaux et du squelette viscéral

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-477
Author(s):  
C. Le Lievre
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Neural Axis ◽  
Aortic Arches ◽  
Cellular Markers ◽  
The Stability

The participation of neural crest cells in the formation of the branchial arches and especially of the hypobranchial skeleton has been studied with heterospecific grafts of quail neural tube into the chick embryo. According to the labelling technique devised by Le Douarin, the differences between quail and chick interphase nuclei make it possible to use quail cells as cellular markers in this system. The excision of the mesencephalo-rhombencephalic primordium of 4- to 12-somite chick embryos results in the atrophy of the branchial arches, and in important deficiencies of the hypobranchial skeleton. Nevertheless, the nearly complete absence of the branchial mesenchyme does not prevent the visceral pouches and clefts from forming. The isotopic and isochronic graft of quail neural primordium into the chick shows that the mesenchymal component of the branchial arches is of neurectodermal origin, except for the muscle plates and the endothelium of the aortic arches, which derive from the mesoderm. The mesencephalic neural crests give rise to the totality of the mesenchyme of the first branchial arch and partially to that of the second one, while the rhombencephalon contributes to the formation of the second, third and fourth arches. The stability of the marker system produced by quail cells implanted into the chick makes it possible to follow the migrating cells until they have reached their definitive localization in the various structures of the hypobranchial skeleton, which thus appears to be entirely of neurectodermal origin. The cells arising from the mesencephalic neural primordium constitute the lower jaw skeleton (Meckel's cartilage and bones) and are all still in the process of migration at the 6-somite stage. Cells originating from the rhombencephalon have left the neural axis at the 9- to 10-somite stage for the anterior part (in front of the first somite) and at the 11- to 12-somite stage for the posterior rhombencephalon. Differentiation of mesectodermal cells into chondrocytes and osteocytes has been observed during the morphogenesis of the visceral skeleton.

scholarly journals Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-598
Author(s):  
Ann Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Enterochromaffin Cells ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Probable Time

Recently, a previous finding that the enterochromaffin cells of chick embryos are not derived from the neural crest has been contested, and so further evidence has been sought. Presumptive gut, i.e. endoderm and adherent mesoderm, of embryos between the short head-process stage and the 25-somite stage was grown on the chorio-allantoic membranes of host embryos. Whether the presumptive gut was excised before or after the probable time of arrival of neural crest cells in the gut, enterochromaffin cells occurred in the intestine in the grafts. The presence or absence of enteric ganglia indicated the presence or absence, respectively, of neural crest cells. Enterochromaffin cells were plentiful even if the donor had been at a stage preceding that at which cells of the neural crest start to migrate, or preceding that at which the crests themselves first appear. In a second experiment, presumptive gut of embryos at 10- to 21-somite stages was excised so as to exclude the portion underlying the somites. Enteric ganglia were lacking in the intestine of these grafts, but enterochromaffin cells were invariably present. These experiments show that the precursors of enterochromaffin cells are present in the more lateral part of the presumptive gut before the neural crest precursors of enteric ganglia reach the region; and that they are present in the presumptive gut long before any crest cells could have arrived there. This evidence supports the view that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest in chick embryos.

Effect of carvedilol on the redox-status of plasma low-molecular-weight aminothyols in rats with acute cerebral ischemia

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
К.А. Никифорова ◽  
В.В. Александрин ◽  
П.О. Булгакова ◽  
А.В. Иванов ◽  
Э.Д. Вирюс ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Acute Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Reduced Forms

Цель. Установить влияние неспецифического адреноблокатора карведилола на редокс-статус низкомолекулярных аминотиолов (цистеин, гомоцистеин, глутатион) в плазме крови при моделировании глобальной ишемии головного мозга у крыс. Методика. Нами была использована модель глобальной ишемии (пережатие общих сонных артерий с геморрагией длительностью 15 мин). Препарат вводили за 1 ч до операции. Уровни аминотиолов измеряли через 40 мин после начала реперфузии. Анализ уровня аминотиолов проводили методом жидкостной хроматографии. Результаты. Установлено, что у крыс, не подвергавшихся ишемии, карведилол в дозе 10 мг/кг вызывает рост редокс-статуса цистеина и глутатиона (в 3 и 3,5 раза соответственно по сравнению с контролем, p = 0,04 и p = 0,008) за счет увеличения их восстановленных форм. При ишемии данного эффекта не наблюдалось. Редокс-статус у крыс с ишемией на фоне карведилола (Цис = 0,85 ± 0,14%, Глн = 1,8 ± 0,7%, Гцис = 1,1 ± 0,8%) оставался таким же низким, как и у крыс с ишемией без введения карведилола (р > 0,8). Заключение. Полученный результат демонстрирует, что в условиях ишемии головного мозга карведилол не оказывает эффекта на гомеостаз аминотиолов плазмы крови, несмотря на выраженный антиоксидантный эффект в нормальных условиях. Aim. Effect of a nonspecific adrenergic antagonist carvedilol on the redox status of plasma low-molecular-weight aminothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione) was studied in rats with global cerebral ischemia (occlusion of common carotid arteries with hemorrhage). Methods. A model of global ischemia (occlusion of common carotid arteries with 15-min hemorrhage) was used. The drugs were administered one hour before the operation. Aminothiol levels were measured by HPLC with UV detection at 40 minutes after the onset of reperfusion. Results. Carvedilol 10 mg/kg increased the redox status of cysteine and glutathione in rats not exposed to ischemia (3 and 3.5 times, respectively, compared with the control, p = 0.04 and p = 0.008, respectively) but not of homocysteine, by increasing their reduced forms. However, this effect was not observed in ischemia. In rats with ischemia treated with carvedilol, the redox status (Cys = 0.85 ± 0.14%, GSH = 1.8 ± 0.7%, Hcys = 1.1 ± 0.8%) remained low similar to that in rats with ischemia not treated with carvedilol (p >0.8, 0.8, and 0.9, respectively). Conclusion. Carvedilol did not affect the homeostasis of blood plasma thiols in cerebral ischemia despite the pronounced antioxidant effect under the normal conditions.

scholarly journals Synchronous Carotid Bifurcation Endarterectomy and Retrograde Kissing Stenting of the Innominate and Left Common Carotid Artery in a Patient with a Bovine Aortic Arch

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Robaldo ◽  
Guido Carignano ◽  
Alberto Balderi ◽  
Claudio Novali
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
High Risk Patient ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Left Common Carotid Artery ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bovine Aortic Arch ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Management of the symptomatic multiple stenosis of supra-aortic vessels (MSSVs) in a “bovine” aortic arch (BAA) configuration is infrequently reported. The optimal treatment choice remains debatable. A successful hybrid treatment for a proximal critical stenosis of the innominate and left common carotid artery was performed in a high-risk patient with a tandem symptomatic lesion in the right carotid bifurcation and a concentric vulnerable plaque in the bovine trunk. This case supports the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a combined carotid bifurcation endarterectomy and retrograde kissing stenting of common carotid arteries with cerebral protection after evaluation of radiological, anatomical, and clinical parameters.

scholarly journals Angioplasty and primary stenting of the subclavian, innominate, and common carotid arteries in 83 patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Sullivan ◽  
Bruce H. Gray ◽  
J.Michael Bacharach ◽  
John Perl II ◽  
Mary Beth Childs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Primary Stenting ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries
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