scholarly journals Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-598
Author(s):  
Ann Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Enterochromaffin Cells ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Probable Time

Recently, a previous finding that the enterochromaffin cells of chick embryos are not derived from the neural crest has been contested, and so further evidence has been sought. Presumptive gut, i.e. endoderm and adherent mesoderm, of embryos between the short head-process stage and the 25-somite stage was grown on the chorio-allantoic membranes of host embryos. Whether the presumptive gut was excised before or after the probable time of arrival of neural crest cells in the gut, enterochromaffin cells occurred in the intestine in the grafts. The presence or absence of enteric ganglia indicated the presence or absence, respectively, of neural crest cells. Enterochromaffin cells were plentiful even if the donor had been at a stage preceding that at which cells of the neural crest start to migrate, or preceding that at which the crests themselves first appear. In a second experiment, presumptive gut of embryos at 10- to 21-somite stages was excised so as to exclude the portion underlying the somites. Enteric ganglia were lacking in the intestine of these grafts, but enterochromaffin cells were invariably present. These experiments show that the precursors of enterochromaffin cells are present in the more lateral part of the presumptive gut before the neural crest precursors of enteric ganglia reach the region; and that they are present in the presumptive gut long before any crest cells could have arrived there. This evidence supports the view that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest in chick embryos.

The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Le Douarin ◽  
Marie-Aimée Teillet
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Neuroblast Migration ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Neural Axis ◽  
Hind Gut

Isotopic and isochronic grafts of quail neural primordium in chick embryos have been made. Due to the particular structure of their nuclei, quail cells can be distinguished from chick cells and so be used as natural markers to study the migration of neural crest cells. We have been able to demonstrate by this technique that the parasympathetic enteric ganglion cells arise from two different levels of the embryonic neural axis which correspond to the vagal and lumbo-sacral parasympathetic centres. The main source of the enteric neuroblasts is located at the level of the somites 1–7. It gives rise to ganglion cells which migrate in the whole gut including the large intestine and rectum. The other region from which enteric neuroblasts originate is situated behind the level of the 28th somite and gives rise only to some post-umbilical gut ganglion cells. In this region of the intestine the ganglia are made up of a mixture of cells arising from the vagal and the lumbo-sacral levels of the neural axis. The part of the neural primordium between the 8th and the 28th somite does not participate in the formation of the enteric ganglia. The chronology of the enteric neuroblast migration has been studied. Most cells of vagal origin leave the neural crest before the 13-somite stage but the migration lasts sometimes until after the 16-somite stage. Those cells which have to reach the hind-gut level accomplish a long-term migration which can be evaluated at 6 days or more. The presumptive neuroblasts of lumbo-sacral origin are not found in the hind-gut before the 7th day of incubation. In our experiments we have never observed the migration of any quail cells into the endoderm of the chick host embryo. Therefore we consider that enterochromaffin cells of the digestive epithelium are not derived from the levels of the neural crest concerned in these experiments (i.e. rhombencephalic and medullary Anlagen).

Head morphogenesis in embryonic avian chimeras: evidence for a segmental pattern in the ectoderm corresponding to the neuromeres

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Couly ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Quail Embryo ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Developmental Unit

Areas of the superficial cephalic ectoderm, including or excluding the neural fold at the same level, were surgically removed from 3-somite chick embryos and replaced by their counterparts excised from a quail embryo at the same developmental stage. Strips of ectoderm corresponding to the presumptive branchial arches were delineated, thus defining anteroposterior ‘segments’ (designated here as ‘ectomeres’) that coincided with the spatial distribution of neural crest cells arising from the adjacent levels of the neural fold. This discrete ectodermal metamerisation parallels the segmentation of the hindbrain into rhombomeres. It seems, therefore, that not only is the neural crest patterned according to its rhombomeric origin but that the superficial ectoderm covering the branchial arches may be part of a larger developmental unit that includes the entire neurectoderm, i.e., the neural tube and the neural crest.

scholarly journals Transcriptome dataset of trunk neural crest cells migrating along the ventral pathway of chick embryos

Data in Brief ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 2547-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Murko ◽  
Felipe Monteleone Vieceli ◽  
Marianne Bronner
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Ventral Pathway ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest

scholarly journals Vital dye labelling demonstrates a sacral neural crest contribution to the enteric nervous system of chick and mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Serbedzija ◽  
S. Burgan ◽  
S.E. Fraser ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Vital Dye ◽  
Dorsal Portion ◽  
Sacral Neural Crest

We have used the vital dye, DiI, to analyze the contribution of sacral neural crest cells to the enteric nervous system in chick and mouse embryos. In order to label premigratory sacral neural crest cells selectively, DiI was injected into the lumen of the neural tube at the level of the hindlimb. In chick embryos, DiI injections made prior to stage 19 resulted in labelled cells in the gut, which had emerged from the neural tube adjacent to somites 29–37. In mouse embryos, neural crest cells emigrated from the sacral neural tube between E9 and E9.5. In both chick and mouse embryos, DiI-labelled cells were observed in the rostral half of the somitic sclerotome, around the dorsal aorta, in the mesentery surrounding the gut, as well as within the epithelium of the gut. Mouse embryos, however, contained consistently fewer labelled cells than chick embryos. DiI-labelled cells first were observed in the rostral and dorsal portion of the gut. Paralleling the maturation of the embryo, there was a rostral-to-caudal sequence in which neural crest cells populated the gut at the sacral level. In addition, neural crest cells appeared within the gut in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence, suggesting that the cells entered the gut dorsally and moved progressively ventrally. The present results resolve a long-standing discrepancy in the literature by demonstrating that sacral neural crest cells in both the chick and mouse contribute to the enteric nervous system in the postumbilical gut.

scholarly journals Neural tube-ectoderm interactions are required for trigeminal placode formation

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4287-4295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Stark ◽  
J. Sechrist ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser ◽  
C. Marcelle
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Surface Ectoderm ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Cranial Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Placode Formation

Cranial sensory ganglia in vertebrates develop from the ectodermal placodes, the neural crest, or both. Although much is known about the neural crest contribution to cranial ganglia, relatively little is known about how placode cells form, invaginate and migrate to their targets. Here, we identify Pax-3 as a molecular marker for placode cells that contribute to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion and use it, in conjunction with DiI labeling of the surface ectoderm, to analyze some of the mechanisms underlying placode development. Pax-3 expression in the ophthalmic placode is observed as early as the 4-somite stage in a narrow band of ectoderm contiguous to the midbrain neural folds. Its expression broadens to a patch of ectoderm adjacent to the midbrain and the rostral hindbrain at the 8- to 10-somite stage. Invagination of the first Pax-3-positive cells begins at the 13-somite stage. Placodal invagination continues through the 35-somite stage, by which time condensation of the trigeminal ganglion has begun. To challenge the normal tissue interactions leading to placode formation, we ablated the cranial neural crest cells or implanted barriers between the neural tube and the ectoderm. Our results demonstrate that, although the presence of neural crest cells is not mandatory for Pax-3 expression in the forming placode, a diffusible signal from the neuroectoderm is required for induction and/or maintenance of the ophthalmic placode.

Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
C. S. Le Lièvre ◽  
N. M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Neural Axis ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Interspecific grafts of neural tube and associated neural crest (NC) have been made between quail and chick embryos. Structural differences of the interphase nucleus in the two species make it possible to identify quail from chick cells in the chimaeras after Feulgen—Rossenbeck's staining and at the electron microscope level. Owing to the stability of the natural quail nuclear marker labelling, migration pattern and developmental fate of the grafted NC cells could be followed in the host embryo. In previous work it has been demonstrated that the visceral skeleton derives entirely from NC mesenchyme and the various levels of the neural axis from which visceral cartilages and bones originate have been established. In the present work, the contribution to the lower jaw and pharynx of NC mesenchymal derivatives other than bones and cartilages has been studied. It is shown that the dermis in the face and ventrolateral side of the neck has a neural origin. The wall of the large arteries deriving from the branchial arches (systemic aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunks and common carotid arteries) are entirely made up of mesectodermal cells except for the endothelial epithelium which is mesodermal in origin. The presence in the wall of the common carotid arteries of fiuorogenic monoamines-containing cells is demonstrated using the formol-induced-fiuorescence technique. Like the secretory cells of the carotid body, the fluorescent cells of the carotid artery wall originate from the rhombencephalic NC. Connective tissue of the lower jaw, tongue and ventrolateral part of the neck originate from the neural crest. Mesectoderm participate in the formation of the glands associated with the tongue and pharynx (lingual gland, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids) giving their mesenchymal component. On the other hand, as demonstrated previously by our group, NC cells are the main cellular component of the UB since they give rise to the calcitoninproducing cells. The wall of the oesophagus and trachea is of mesodermal origin, but adipose tissue around the trachea and parasympathetic enteric ganglia of the digestive tube derives from NC. NC cells participate in the formation of striated muscles of the branchial arches and differentiate there into connective and muscle cells. It appears from this study that the differentiating capabilities are similar in mesenchymal and mesectodermal cells with the exception of blood vessel endothelia which in our experiments are always of host origin in mesectoderm-derived tissues. The capacity of the NC to give rise to mesenchymal derivatives is restricted to the cephalic neural axis down to the level of the 5th somite in both chick and quail embryos.

The regeneration of the cephalic neural crest, a problem revisited: the regenerating cells originate from the contralateral or from the anterior and posterior neural fold

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (11) ◽  
pp. 3393-3407 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Couly ◽  
A. Grapin-Botton ◽  
P. Coltey ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Dorsal Neural Tube ◽  
Ventral Neural Tube ◽  
Branchial Arches

The mesencephalic and rhombencephalic levels of origin of the hypobranchial skeleton (lower jaw and hyoid bone) within the neural fold have been determined at the 5-somite stage with a resolution corresponding to each single rhombomere, by means of the quail-chick chimera technique. Expression of certain Hox genes (Hoxa-2, Hoxa-3 and Hoxb-4) was recorded in the branchial arches of chick and quail embryos at embryonic days 3 (E3) and E4. This was a prerequisite for studying the regeneration capacities of the neural crest, after the dorsal neural tube was resected at the mesencephalic and rhombencephalic level. We found first that excisions at the 5-somite stage extending from the midmesencephalon down to r8 are followed by the regeneration of neural crest cells able to compensate for the deficiencies so produced. This confirmed the results of previous authors who made similar excisions at comparable (or older) developmental stages. When a bilateral excision was followed by the unilateral homotopic graft of the dorsal neural tube from a quail embryo, thus mimicking the situation created by a unilateral excision, we found that the migration of the grafted unilateral neural crest (quail-labelled) is bilateral and compensates massively for the missing crest derivatives. The capacity of the intermediate and ventral neural tube to yield neural crest cells was tested by removing the chick rhombencephalic neural tube and replacing it either uni- or bilaterally with a ventral tube coming from a stage-matched quail. No neural crest cells exited from the ventral neural tube but no deficiency in neural crest derivatives was recorded. Crest cells were found to regenerate from the ends of the operated region. This was demonstrated by grafting fragments of quail neural fold at the extremities of the excised territory. Quail neural crest cells were seen migrating longitudinally from both the rostral and caudal ends of the operated region and filling the branchial arches located inbetween. Comparison of the behaviour of neural crest cells in this experimental situation with that showed by their normal fate map revealed that crest cells increase their proliferation rate and change their migratory behaviour without modifying their Hox code.

scholarly journals Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiao-Yu Wang ◽  
Manli Chuai ◽  
John Yeuk-Hon Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development.

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