The influence of the area opaca on the development of the young chick embryo

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Ruth Bellairs ◽  
D. R. Bromham ◽  
C. C. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Young Chick ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Peripheral Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

The area opaca of the chick blastoderm is generally regarded as being merely the primordium of the yolk sac. Thus it might be expected that during the early stages of development its role would be essentially to grow and to differentiate, rather than to exert any influence on the development of the area pellucida. Such a view would be supported by the fact that pieces of the area pellucida can differentiate in the absence of the area opaca if they are isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane (Rawles, 1936) or in vitro (de Haan, 1964). There are, however, reasons for enquiring whether the area opaca does exert some influence on the area pellucida. The first is that New (1959) has demonstrated that the blastoderm is normally under tension, and that this tension is produced by the peripheral cells of the area opaca which adhere to the inner surface of the vitelline membrane.

scholarly journals The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic memberane, minced embryo and cell suspensions

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Maitland ◽  
D. I. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Considerable Doubt

The growth curve of rabbit skin-adapted vaccinia virus in the chick chorioallantoic membrane incubated in Hanks' solution showed a drop in titre of virus for about 10 hr. followed by growth. At least 25% of virus, sometimes more, remained infective. A similar fall in titre was observed in heated membranes in which the virus did not grow and this occurred also when membranes, either normal or heated, were infected and disintegrated before incubation.The growth curve of virus in minced chick-embryo was similar to that in chorioallantoic membrane.Virus in cell suspensions prepared from chick embryo and incubated in a nutrient medium showed only a small loss of infectivity before growth in some experiments and rarely dropped below 65–70 % of the original titre in others.These results throw considerable doubt on the view that loss of infectivity preceding growth of vaccinia virus should be interpreted as an essential part of a growth cycle.

The Adhesive Properties and Expansion of the Chick Blastoderm

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-164
Author(s):  
D. A. T. New
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
Inner Surface

During the first 4 days of incubation the chick blastoderm expands to surround the yolk. Its expansion takes place over the inner surface of the vitelline membrane, and the edge of the blastoderm is firmly attached to this membrane. Little attention has been paid hitherto to the mechanism of this expansion, presumably because it lies outside the embryo proper. But many of the problems involved are of considerable interest, not only as they relate to development within cleidoic eggs, but also in connexion with more general questions affecting expansion of epithelia and the nature of cell surfaces. Blastoderm expansion has many points of similarity with the spreading of epithelia across wounds, and some of the factors involved may prove to be similar to those affecting the radiation of loose sheets of cells in tissue culture.

Differentiation of the yolk-sac endoderm under the influence of the digestive-tract mesenchyme

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-289
Author(s):  
Tohru Masui
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Intestinal Type ◽  
Area Vasculosa ◽  
Self Differentiation ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

To reveal differentiation potency of yolk-sac endoderm, this tissue from quail embryos was cultured alone or in association with digestive-tract mesenchymes of chick embryos. When yolk-sac endoderm was cultured alone in vitro, the endoderm of the area vitellina differentiated into the yolk-sac parenchyma, but the endoderm of the extraembryonic area pellucida (EEAP) failed to differentiate into yolk-sac parenchyma, and the endoderm of the area vasculosa became necrotic. When endoderm of the area vitellina was cultured in association with digestive-tract mesenchymes, all the endodermal cells developed into yolk-sac parenchymal cells after two days. Later, basophilic cells appeared among them, and differentiated into both mesenchymespecific epithelia and intestinal-type epithelium with a striated border, and villi were also formed. Goblet cells appeared in all types of recombinations. The endoderm of the EEAP cultured with digestive-tract mesenchymes gave similar results to that of the area vitellina. In contrast, endoderm of the area vasculosa, when cultured with digestive-tract mesenchymes,became necrotic. The present investigation demonstrated that the endoderms of the area vitellina and of the EEAP differ in self-differentiation potency, and that their developmental fates can be modified by the influence of digestive-tract mesenchymes. These endoderms can differentiate into the mesenchyme-specific epithelia, though they often differentiate also into the intestinal-type epithelium.

scholarly journals Photobiomodulation (PBM) promotes angiogenesis in-vitro and in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimund Winter ◽  
Peter Dungel ◽  
Frederike Marie Josephine Reischies ◽  
Sabrina Rohringer ◽  
Paul Slezak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Membrane Model ◽  
Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane

scholarly journals SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE VIRUS OF HERPES SIMPLEX IN THE CHICK EMBRYO LIVER

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gray ◽  
T. F. McNair Scott
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Nuclear Fraction ◽  
Free Virus ◽  
Isolated Nuclei ◽  
Embryo Liver

The growth cycle of the virus of herpes simplex in chick embryo liver has been shown to follow the same pattern as in the chorioallantoic membrane and the rabbit's corneal cells. However, there is considerable variability in the time taken for the yolk sac-inoculated virus to get from the yolk sac into the liver. A brief description has been given of various fractionation procedures employed for obtaining isolated nuclei. It has been shown that free virus is not selectively adsorbed to isolated nuclei. Evidence has been presented to show that in the herpes-infected chick embryo liver, large proportions of the total virus can at times be found associated with the nuclear fraction. The percentage of the total virus in the nuclear fraction varies inversely with the titer of virus in the whole liver, and the number of hours after inoculation of the virus; only a negligible amount (as compared with that in the total) being associated with the nuclear fraction when a period of over 12 hours has elapsed after reappearance of virus. Furthermore, demonstration of virus in the isolated nuclei following extraction with hypertonic NaCl provides additional evidence that this virus is intimately associated with the nuclei.

scholarly journals Unco-ordinated contractions caused by egg white and by alternations in the cation ratio of the medium in the heart of the chick embryo in vitro

1934 ◽  
Vol 115 (794) ◽  
pp. 380-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Posterior Half ◽  
Cation Ratio ◽  
Made In ◽  
Area Pellucida

In May, 1932, some experiments were made in which fragments of chick embroys in primitive streak stages were explanted into crude white of egg as culture medium. The object was to study hæmatopoiesis, which occured in these explants (Murray, 1933). Only two of the cultures interest us here. Both were derived from embryos having pear-shaped areæ pellucidæ with primitive streaks but no head processes and each consisted of that part of the area pellucida of one side which lies opposite the posterior half or three-quarters of the primitive streak. Both cultures survived in the egg white and in each there was discovered, after two and five days incubation respectively, an area which contained actively contracting cells. The contractions were of small amplitude and there was no co-ordination between the cells. This activity persisted in one culture for 36 days. It was necessary to have some name by which this anarchic contractility could be designated; it resembled fibrillation, at least superficially, but it was thought best to avoid this term as the present phenomenon might prove entirely unconnected with fibrillation. The word "twitter", used as noun and verb, described the appearance rather well, and I have adopted it as a provisional name for this kind of activity.

scholarly journals Localization and synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in chorioallantoic membrane from chick embryo.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1679-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Sanchez Palazon ◽  
A Rodriguez-Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Alpha Fetoprotein ◽  
Short List ◽  
Blood Contamination

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a major globulin of the embryonic serum of mammals, birds, and other vertebrates. It is synthesized chiefly by the liver and/or the yolk sac. The aim of this work was to confirm the occurrence of AFP in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) from 14-day chick embryo. AFP had previously been detected by immunoelectrophoresis in CAM extracts under the suspicion that it could be a mere artifact resulting from blood contamination. The immunohistochemical study of the CAM carried out for this purpose revealed the protein to be solely located in the mesodermal layer. The joint use of organ culture and immunoperoxidase techniques has enabled us to find evidence for the synthesis of AFP in the cells of this layer. These results confirm the occurrence of such a significant carrier globulin to embryonic development in one more tissue that can be added to the short list of AFP-producing tissues.

scholarly journals Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on neuroblastoma tumour oxygenation and metabolic signature in a chick embryo model

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef K. Al-Mutawa ◽  
Anne Herrmann ◽  
Catriona Corbishley ◽  
Paul D. Losty ◽  
Marie Phelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Hypoxic Preconditioning ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Tumour Oxygenation ◽  
Chick Embryo Model

Hypoxia episodes and areas in tumours have been associated with metastatic dissemination and poor prognosis. Given the link between tumour tissue oxygen levels and cellular metabolic activity, we hypothesised that the metabolic profile between metastatic and non-metastatic tumours would reveal potential new biomarkers and signalling cues. We have used a previously established chick embryo model for neuroblastoma growth and metastasis, where the metastatic phenotype can be controlled by neuroblastoma cell hypoxic preconditioning (3 days at 1% O2). We measured, with fibre-optic oxygen sensors, the effects of the hypoxic preconditioning on the tumour oxygenation, within tumours formed by SK-N-AS cells on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos. We found that the difference between the metastatic and non-metastatic intratumoural oxygen levels was small (0.35% O2), with a mean below 1.5% O2 for most tumours. The metabolomic profiling, using NMR spectroscopy, of neuroblastoma cells cultured in normoxia or hypoxia for 3 days, and of the tumours formed by these cells showed that the effects of hypoxia in vitro did not compare with in vivo tumours. One notable difference was the high levels of the glycolytic end-products triggered by hypoxia in vitro, but not by hypoxia preconditioning in tumours, likely due to the very high basal levels of these metabolites in tumours compared with cells. In conclusion, we have identified high levels of ketones (3-hydroxybutyrate), lactate and phosphocholine in hypoxic preconditioned tumours, all known to fuel tumour growth, and we herein point to the poor relevance of in vitro metabolomic experiments for cancer research.

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