scholarly journals Chitin oligosaccharides can induce cortical cell division in roots of Vicia sativa when delivered by ballistic microtargeting

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (23) ◽  
pp. 4887-4895
Author(s):  
H.R. Schlaman ◽  
A.A. Gisel ◽  
N.E. Quaedvlieg ◽  
G.V. Bloemberg ◽  
B.J. Lugtenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Oligosaccharide Moiety

Rhizobia, bacterial symbionts of leguminous plants, produce lipo-chitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules that can induce nodule organogenesis in the cortex of legume roots in a host-specific way. The multi-unsaturated fatty acyl and the O-acetyl moieties of the LCOs of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were shown to be essential for obtaining root nodule induction in Vicia sativa plants. We have used ballistic microtargeting as a novel approach to deliver derivatives of the nodulation signal molecules inside the roots of V. sativa. This method offers the unique ability to introduce soluble compounds into the tissue at a small area. The mitogenic effect of microtargeting of chitin oligosaccharides, including an analysis of the influence of the chain length and modifications, was tested in a qualitative assay. The role of a cell division factor from the root stele, uridine, has also been examined in these experiments. The results show that O-acetylated chitin oligosaccharides can induce root cortical cell divisions when delivered by microtargeting. For this effect it is essential that uridine is co-targeted. The foci of cortical cell division were often similar to root nodule primordia. Anatomical examination also revealed chimeric structures that share characteristics with lateral root and nodule primordia. Our data favour a model in which the oligosaccharide moiety of the rhizobial LCO induces cortical cell division and the fatty acyl moiety plays a role in transport of the LCO into the plant tissue.

scholarly journals Lipochitin Oligosaccharides from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Reduce Auxin Transport Capacity in Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Roots

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees J. M. Boot ◽  
Anton A. N. van Brussel ◽  
Teun Tak ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Jan W. Kijne
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Transport Inhibition ◽  
Split Root System

Induction of the formation of root nodule primordia in legume roots by symbiotic rhizobia is probably preceded by a change in plant hormone physiology. We used a Vicia sativa (vetch) split root system to study the effect of inoculation with rhizobia or purified Nod factors (lipochitin oligosaccharides, LCOs) on polar auxin transport in roots. Addition of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, the infective symbiote of vetch, to roots of its host plant reduced polar auxin transport capacity of these roots within 24 h, in contrast to addition of non-nodulating, Sym plasmid-cured rhizobia. Addition of purified vetch-specific LCOs (NodRlv-IV/V[18:4,Ac]) caused a transient reduction in as little as 4 h after application, while after 16 h a second, stronger, and prolonged inhibition was observed that lasted at least 48 h. This reduction of auxin transport capacity was in the same order of magnitude as inhibition by N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA). Purified LCOs (NodRm-IV[16:2,Ac,S]) from Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiote of alfalfa, and chitopentaose were inactive, which indicates a specific effect of LCOs produced by R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Auxin transport inhibition was restricted to the apical nodulation-susceptible part of the roots, whereas the upper parts of the roots showed no difference in auxin transport after treatment. The effect could be observed with as low as 10-9 M NodRlv-IV/V[18:4,Ac] LCOs. Reduction of auxin transport by LCOs could not be inhibited by nitrate. Since inhibition of auxin transport capacity preceded the first root cortical cell divisions that result in root primordium formation, our results suggest a direct relationship between LCOs, polar auxin transport, and root nodule initiation, consistent with the hypothesis of U. Mathesius, H. R. M. Schlaman, H. P. Spaink, C. Sautter, B. G. Rolfe, and M. A. Djordjevic (Plant J. 14:23–34, 1998). However, nonmitogenic NodRlv-IV/V[18:1,Ac] showed a similar effect, which suggests that mitogenicity results from additional effects, in concert with auxin transport inhibition.

scholarly journals The Pea Nodule Environment Restores the Ability of a Rhizobium leguminosarum Lipopolysaccharide acpXL Mutant To Add 27-Hydroxyoctacosanoic Acid to Its Lipid A

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 2126-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinata Vedam ◽  
Elmar Kannenberg ◽  
Anup Datta ◽  
Dusty Brown ◽  
Janine G. Haynes-Gann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Acyl Residue ◽  
Host Root ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Alternate Mechanism

ABSTRACT Members of the Rhizobiaceae contain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27OHC28:0) in their lipid A. A Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 acpXL mutant (named here Rlv22) lacking a functional specialized acyl carrier lacked 27OHC28:0 in its lipid A, had altered growth and physiological properties (e.g., it was unable to grow in the presence of an elevated salt concentration [0.5% NaCl]), and formed irregularly shaped bacteroids, and the synchronous division of this mutant and the host plant-derived symbiosome membrane was disrupted. In spite of these defects, the mutant was able to persist within the root nodule cells and eventually form, albeit inefficiently, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This result suggested that while it is in a host root nodule, the mutant may have some mechanism by which it adapts to the loss of 27OHC28:0 from its lipid A. In order to further define the function of this fatty acyl residue, it was necessary to examine the lipid A isolated from mutant bacteroids. In this report we show that addition of 27OHC28:0 to the lipid A of Rlv22 lipopolysaccharides is partially restored in Rlv22 acpXL mutant bacteroids. We hypothesize that R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 contains an alternate mechanism (e.g., another acp gene) for the synthesis of 27OHC28:0, which is activated when the bacteria are in the nodule environment, and that it is this alternative mechanism which functionally replaces acpXL and is responsible for the synthesis of 27OHC28:0-containing lipid A in the Rlv22 acpXL bacteroids.

scholarly journals Autoregulation of Root Nodule Formation: Signals of Both Symbiotic Partners Studied in a Split-Root System of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton A. N. van Brussel ◽  
Teun Tak ◽  
Kees J. M. Boot ◽  
Jan W. Kijne
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System ◽  
Root Nodule Formation ◽  
Plant Signals

Inhibition of root nodule formation on leguminous plants by already induced or existing root nodules is called autoregulation of root nodule formation (AUT). Optimal conditions for AUT were determined using a split-root technique newly developed for Vicia sativa subsp. nigra. Infection of a root A with nodulating Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae bacteria systemically inhibited nodulation of a spatially separated root B inoculated 2 days later with the same bacteria. This treatment gives complete AUT (total absence of nodules on root B). Only partial AUT of root B was obtained by incubation of root A with mitogenic nodulation (Nod) factors or with a noninfective strain producing normal mitogenic Nod factors. Nonmitogenic Nod factors did not evoke AUT. We identified two systemic plant signals induced by Rhizobium bacteria. Signal 1 (at weak buffering) was correlated with sink formation in root A and induced acidification of B-root medium. This signal is induced by treatment of root A with (i) nodulating rhizobia, (ii) mitogenic Nod factors, (iii) nonmitogenic Nod factors, or (iv) the cytokinin zeatin. Signal 2 (at strong buffering) could only be evoked by treatment with nodulating rhizobia or with mitogenic Nod factors. Most probably, this signal represents the specific AUT signal. Induction of complete AUT appears to require actively dividing nodule cells in nodule primordia, nodule meristems, or both of root A.

scholarly journals Role of Cellulose Fibrils and Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum in Attachment to and Infection of Vicia sativa Root Hairs

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Laus ◽  
A. A. N. van Brussel ◽  
J. W. Kijne
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils

Infection and subsequent nodulation of legume host plants by the root nodule symbiote Rhizobium leguminosarum usually require attachment of the bacteria to root-hair tips. Bacterial cellulose fibrils have been shown to be involved in this attachment process but appeared not to be essential for successful nodulation. Detailed analysis of Vicia sativa root-hair infection by wild-type Rhizobium leguminosarum RBL5523 and its cellulose fibril-deficient celE mutant showed that wild-type bacteria infected elongated growing root hairs, whereas cellulose-deficient bacteria infected young emerging root hairs. Exopolysaccharide-deficient strains that retained the ability to produce cellulose fibrils could also infect elongated root hairs but infection thread colonization was defective. Cellulose-mediated agglutination of these bacteria in the root-hair curl appeared to prevent entry into the induced infection thread. Infection experiments with V. sativa roots and an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)- and cellulose-deficient double mutant showed that cellulose-mediated agglutination of the EPS-deficient bacteria in the infection thread was now abolished and that infection thread colonization was partially restored. Interestingly, in this case, infection threads were initiated in root hairs that originated from the cortical cell layers of the root and not in epidermal root hairs. Apparently, surface polysaccharides of R. leguminosarum, such as cellulose fibrils, are determining factors for infection of different developmental stages of root hairs.

Anatomical comparison of wild-type and non-nodulating mutant chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Matthews ◽  
Thomas M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Nodule Symbiosis

Non-nodulating chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) mutant PM233B was characterized anatomically via comparison with its normally nodulating parent line ICC 640. Root hair and cortical cell infection threads, cortical cell division centers, and nodule formation were observed by light microscopy in serial root sections of ICC 640, but were absent in PM233B. Scanning electron microscope observations of inoculated root sections showed that ICC 640 and PM233B were indistinguishable in adsorption of chickpea Rhizobium strain CC1192. Thus, the rhizobial infection process was blocked in PM233B at a stage subsequent to root hair adsorption of bacteria, but prior to initiation of infection threads and root cortical cell division. Reciprocal shoot grafts between ICC 640 and PM233B demonstrated that the non-nodulation phenotype of PM233B was controlled by the root, and not the shoot, genotype. Key words: chickpea, Cicer arietinum, root nodule, symbiosis, non-nodulating mutant.

Ethylene provides positional information on cortical cell division but is not involved in Nod factor-induced root hair tip growth in Rhizobium-legume interaction

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 1781-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Heidstra ◽  
W.C. Yang ◽  
Y. Yalcin ◽  
S. Peck ◽  
A.M. Emons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Root Hair Deformation

Nod factors secreted by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae induce root hair deformation, involving a reinitiation of tip growth, and the formation of nodule primordia in Vicia sativa (vetch). Ethylene is a potent inhibitor of cortical cell division, an effect that can be counteracted by applying silver ions (Ag+) or aminoethoxy-vinylglycine (AVG). In contrast to the inhibitory effect on cortical cell division, ethylene promotes the formation of root hairs (which involves tip growth) in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. We investigate the possible paradox concerning the action of ethylene, putatively promoting Nod factor induced tip growth whilst, at the same time, inhibiting cortical cell division. We show, by using the ethylene inhibitors AVG and Ag+, that ethylene has no role in the reinitiation of root hair tip growth induced by Nod factors (root hair deformation) in vetch. However, root hair formation is controlled, at least in part, by ethylene. Furthermore, we show that ACC oxidase, which catalizes the last step in ethylene biosynthesis, is expressed in the cell layers opposite the phloem in that part of the root where nodule primordia are induced upon inoculation with Rhizobium. Therefore, we test whether endogenously produced ethylene provides positional information controlling the site where nodule primordia are formed by determining the position of nodules formed on pea roots grown in the presence of AVG or Ag+.

Positive and negative regulation of cortical cell division during root nodule development in Lotus japonicus is accompanied by auxin response

Development ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (21) ◽  
pp. 3997-4006 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Suzaki ◽  
K. Yano ◽  
M. Ito ◽  
Y. Umehara ◽  
N. Suganuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Auxin Response

Microstructural morphology of sphingolipid dispersions as investigated by freeze-fracture EM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 944-945
Author(s):  
Vitthal S. Kulkarni ◽  
Wayne H. Anderson ◽  
Rhoderick E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety ◽  
Aqueous Dispersions ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Microstructural Morphology ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The biological significance of the sphingomyelins (SM) and monoglycosylated sphingolipids like galactosylceramides (GalCer) are well documented Our recent investigation showed tubular bilayers in the aqueous dispersions of N-nervonoyl GalCer [N-(24:lΔ15,cls) GalCer] (a major fatty acyl moiety of natural GalCer). To determine the influence of lipid head groups on the resulting mesophasic morphology, we investigated microstructural self-assemblies of N-nervonoyl-SM [N-(24:1 Δ15,cls) SM; the second most abundant sphingomyelin in mammalian cell membranes], 1- palmitoyl-2-nervonoyl phosphatidylcholine [PNPC] (the lipid species with the same acyl chain configuration as in N-(24: 1) GalCer) and also compared it with egg-SM by freeze-fracture EM.Procedures for synthesizing and purifying N-(24:1) GalCer, N-(24:1) SM, and PNPC have been reported . Egg-SM was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster AL. All lipids were >99% pure as checked by thin layer chromatography. Lipid dispersions were prepared by hydrating dry lipid with phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) at 80-90°C (3-5 min), vigorously vortexing (1 min) and repeating this procedure for three times prior to three freeze-thaw cycles.

Role of rhizobial lipo-chitin oligosaccharide signal molecules in root nodule organogenesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Ben J. J. Lugtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Signal Molecules
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