Germline chimeric chickens from dispersed donor blastodermal cells and compromised recipient embryos

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Carsience ◽  
M.E. Clark ◽  
A.M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
R.J. Etches
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Recipient Cell ◽  
Recessive Allele ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Black Pigmentation ◽  
Dispersed Cells ◽  
Blastodermal Cells

Stage-X blastoderms, within intact eggs from White Leghorn hens, were exposed to 500–700 rads of gamma radiation from a 60Co source prior to injection, into the subgerminal cavity, of approximately 100 or 200–400 dispersed cells from stage-X blastoderms isolated from eggs laid by Barred Plymouth Rock hens. Embryos developing past day 14 of incubation and hatched chicks were assessed for donor and recipient cell contribution to the melanocyte population through examination of black and yellow down pigmentation, respectively (Barred Plymouth Rocks have a recessive allele at the I locus while the White Leghorns have a dominant allele at the I locus). Of the 809 embryos injected with approximately 100 cells, 192 developed past day 14 and black pigmentation, indicating somatic chimerism, was observed on 118 of the 192 (58%) embryos and chicks. Of the 296 embryos injected with 200–400 donor cells, 86 developed past day 14 of incubation. Somatic chimerism was observed on 55 of the 86 (64%) embryos and chicks. To test for germline chimerism, birds surviving to maturity were mated to Barred Plymouth Rocks. Five somatically chimeric females were produced when approximately 100 cells were injected, and one was a germline chimera. Six somatic female chimeras were produced following the injection of 200–400 cells, three of which proved to be germline chimeras by the presence of Barred Rock chicks among their offspring. Two of the nine males produced by injecting approximately 100 cells were germline chimeras.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Production of somatic and germline chimeras in the chicken by transfer of early blastodermal cells

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Petitte ◽  
M.E. Clark ◽  
G. Liu ◽  
A.M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
R.J. Etches
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Line ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Black Pigment ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Blastodermal Cells

Cells were isolated from stage X embryos of a line of Barred Plymouth Rock chickens (that have black pigment in their feathers due to the recessive allele at the I locus) and injected into the subgerminal cavity of embryos from an inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns (that have white feathers due to the dominant allele at the I locus). Of 53 Dwarf White Leghorn embryos that were injected with Barred Plymouth Rock blastodermal cells, 6 (11.3%) were phenotypically chimeric with respect to feather colour and one (a male) survived to hatching. The distribution of black feathers in the recipients was variable and not limited to a particular region although, in all but one case, the donor cell lineage was evident in the head. The male somatic chimera was mated to several Barred Plymouth Rock hens to determine the extent to which donor cells had been incorporated into his testes. Of 719 chicks hatched from these matings, 2 were phenotypically Barred Plymouth Rocks demonstrating that cells capable of incorporation into the germline had been transferred. Fingerprints of the blood and sperm DNA from the germline chimera indicated that both of these tissues were different from those of the inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns. Bands that were present in fingerprints of blood DNA from the chimera and not present in those of the Dwarf White Leghorns were observed in those of the Barred Plymouth Rocks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Inheritance of evolved thiocarbamate resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations from Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David J. Brunton ◽  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Recessive Allele ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Dominant Trait ◽  
Susceptible Parent ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Abstract Populations of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) from southern Australia have evolved resistance to the thiocarbamate herbicide prosulfocarb. The inheritance of prosulfocarb resistance was explored by crossing R and S individuals. In all families within each cross, except 16.2, the response of the F1 were intermediate between the parents, suggesting that resistance is inherited as a single, partially dominant trait. For 16.2, the response of the F1 was more similar to the susceptible parent, suggesting resistance may be a recessive trait in this population. Segregation at the discriminating dose of 1200 g a.i. ha−1 prosulfocarb in populations 375-14 fitted the ratio (15:1) consistent with two independent dominant alleles; 198-15 fitted a ratio (13:3) for two independent alleles, one dominant and one recessive; and EP162 fitted a ratio (9:7) for two additive dominant alleles. In contrast segregation of population 16.2 fitted a (7:9) ratio consistent with two independent recessive alleles contributing to prosulfocarb resistance. Four different patterns of resistance to prosulfocarb were identified in different resistant populations, with inheritance as a dominant allele, dominant and recessive, additive dominant and as an independent recessive allele. This suggests there are several different mechanisms of prosulfocarb resistance present in L. rigidum.

sorbed dose must be measured by placing dose meters into the carriers, as described in Section V. If all of the gamma radiation coming from the 60Co source were absorbed by the irradiated goods, the radiation facility would have % irradiation efficiency. This is of course impossible because some of the radiation will be absorbed by the concrete shielding, by the carrier metal, and by the water below the source rack. Well-designed gamma facilities have an efficiency of about 30%. Designs differ­ ent from that shown in Figure 3 may use tote boxes on a conveyor belt instead of carriers hanging from a monorail, or the carriers may move around the source in a double loop instead of a single loop. Storage of the radioactive source in air in a concrete-shielded or lead-shielded cask instead of the water pool is also possible but is not often practiced. The outside appearance of a gamma irradiation facility is not much different from that of any other small or medium size industrial plant. A view of the first irradiation plant in the United States designed exclusively for the processing of foods (1) is shown in Figure 4. In principle, a 137Cs irradiator operates exactly like a 60Co irradiator. Some­ what less concrete shielding (1.2 m) is needed because the 0.66 MeV gamma rays of ,37Cs are less penetrating than the 1.33 MeV of Co. The longer half-life of

1995 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Radioactive Source ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
60Co Source

Gamma and Proton Irradiation Effects on 4H-SiC Depletion-Mode Trench JFETs

2005 ◽  
Vol 483-485 ◽  
pp. 885-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Neil Merrett ◽  
John R. Williams ◽  
J.D. Cressler ◽  
A.P. Sutton ◽  
Lin Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Proton Irradiation ◽  
Schottky Diodes ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Dramatic Decrease ◽  
Forward Current ◽  
Blocking Voltage ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Irradiation Performance ◽  
Mev Protons

4H-SiC vertical depletion-mode trench JFETs were fabricated, packaged, and then irradiated with either 6.8 Mrad gamma from a 60Co source, a 9x1011 cm-2 dose of 4 MeV protons, or a 5x1013 cm-2 dose of 63 MeV protons. 4H-SiC Schottky diodes were also fabricated, packaged and exposed to the same irradiations. The trench VJFETs have a nominal blocking voltage of 600 V and a forward current rating of 2 A prior to irradiation. On-state and blocking I-V characteristics were measured after irradiation and compared to the pre-irradiation performance. Devices irradiated with 4 MeV proton and gamma radiation showed a slight increase in on resistance and a decrease in leakage current in blocking mode. Devices irradiated with 63 MeV protons, however, showed a dramatic decrease in forward current. DLTS measurements were performed, and the results of these measurements will be discussed as well.

scholarly journals Germination and development of M1 seedlings of two Selliera radicans Cav. accessions subjected to gamma radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-46
Author(s):  
Fabián Soto ◽  
Patricia Peñaloza ◽  
Eduardo Oyanedel ◽  
Flavia Schiappacasse ◽  
Oscar Durán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Physical Agent ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Different Doses

Selliera radicans is a creeping plant native to Chile, New Zealand and Australia. It is increasingly used in the ornamental industry, and there is interest in breeding it to create commercial varieties. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different doses of gamma radiation applied to the seeds on the germination and development of seedlings (M1) and the LD50 of two accessions of Selliera radicans for use in the induction of mutations. Seeds of the Vichuquén and La Serena accessions were exposed to 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 Gy from a 60Co source. Weekly germination percentages along with seedling numbers and lengths were recorded. Vichuquén seeds were more sensitive to this physical agent. The LD50 was 243.9 Gy for Vichuquén and 445.6 Gy for La Serena. Seedling lengths reached almost 4 mm for Vichuquén and 11.3 mm for La Serena at 12 weeks after sowing. Doses lower than 200 Gy are recommended since higher doses do not allow the development of seedlings to the extended cotyledon stage. Highlights: This is the first radiosensitivity study for the Goodeniaceae family and therefore for the Selliera genus. This study shows the specific effect of gamma radiation at the level of germination and seedling formation according to accession of origin. This study could be used for the genetic improvement of Selliera radicans via the induction of mutations.

scholarly journals A modifier gene involved in the expression of the dominant mating type allele in Paramecium caudatum

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Hiwatashi ◽  
Koji Myohara
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Modifier Gene ◽  
Recessive Allele ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Paramecium Caudatum ◽  
Mutant Clone ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Type Allele ◽  
Type V

SUMMARYMating type in Paramecium caudatum, syngen 3 is determined by a pair of alleles with simple dominance; the recessive allele restricts homozygotes to mating type V and the dominant allele permits expression of mating type VI. Clones of mating type V never show natural selfing, but most clones of mating type VI self naturally. A mutant clone of mating type VI which never selfed over a period of more than 3 years was obtained by treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. When this mutant clone was crossed to a wild-type stock of mating type V, all F1 clones of mating type VI gave rise to selfers. From selfing of these F1 of mating type VI, clones of F2 were obtained. Nearly 3:1 segregation of selfer to non-selfer clones was observed among the F2 clones of mating type VI. The results were consistent with the interpretation that a dominant modifier gene, Su(+mtV), controls the instability in the expression of mating type VI.

scholarly journals Protection by pantothenol and beta-carotene against liver damage produced by low-dose gamma radiation.

1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
V S Slyshenkov ◽  
S N Omelyanchik ◽  
A G Moiseenok ◽  
N E Petushok ◽  
L Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Free Radical Biol ◽  
60Co Source ◽  
Nadh Ratio ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Radioprotective Agent

Rats were exposed to a total dose of 0.75 Gy of gamma radiation from a 60Co source, receiving three doses of 0.25 Gy at weekly intervals. During two days before each irradiation, the animals received daily intragastric doses of 26 mg pantothenol or 15 mg beta-carotene per kg body mass. The animals were killed after the third irradiation session, and their blood and livers were analyzed. As found previously (Slyshenkov, V.S., Omelyanchik, S.N., Moiseenok, A.G., Trebukhina, R.V. & Wojtczak, L. (1998) Free Radical Biol. Med. 24, 894-899), in livers of animals not supplied with either pantothenol or beta-carotene and killed one hour after the irradiation, a large accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, as conjugated dienes, ketotrienes and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, could be observed. The contents of CoA, pantothenic acid, total phospholipids, total glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio were considerably decreased, whereas the NAD/NADH ratio was increased. All these effects were alleviated in animals supplied with beta-carotene and were completely abolished in animals supplied with pantothenol. In the present paper, we extended our observations of irradiation effects over a period of up to 7 days after the last irradiation session. We found that most of these changes, with the exception of GSH/GSSG ratio, disappeared spontaneously, whereas supplementation with beta-carotene shortened the time required for the normalization of biochemical parameters. In addition, we found that the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and NADP-dependent malate (decarboxylating) dehydrogenase ('malic enzyme') in liver were also significantly decreased one hour after irradiation but returned to the normal level within 7 days. Little or no decrease in these activities, already 1 h after the irradiation, could be seen in animals supplemented with either beta-carotene or pantothenol. It is concluded that pantothenol is an excellent radioprotective agent against low-dose gamma radiation.

The fate of female donor blastodermal cells in male chimeric chickens

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1218-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Shaw ◽  
R. Stuart Carsience ◽  
Robert J. Etches ◽  
Ann M. Verrinder Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Male Chick ◽  
Female Donor ◽  
Blastodermal Cells

In previous experiments in our laboratories, chickens that are chimeric in their gamete, melanocyte, and blood cell populations have been produced by injection of dispersed stage X blastodermal donor cells into the subgerminal cavity of stage X recipient embryos. In some experiments, donor cells were transfected with reporter gene constructs prior to injection as a preliminary step in the production of transgenic birds. Chimerism was assessed by test mating, observation of plumage, and DNA fingerprinting. Methods were sought that would provide a relatively rapid analysis of the spatial distribution of descendants of donor cells in chimeras to assess the efficacy of various methods of chimera construction. To date, the sex of donor and recipient embryos was not known and, therefore, numerous mixed sex chimeras must have been constructed by chance, since donor cells were usually collected from several embryos rather than from individual embryos. The presence of female-derived cells was determined by in situ hybridization using a W-chromosome-specific DNA probe, using smears of washed erythrocytes from 16 phenotypically male chimeric chickens ranging in age from 4 days to 42 months posthatching. The proportion of female cells detected in the erythrocyte samples was zero (eight samples) or very low (0.020–0.083%), although 1% of the erythrocytes from a phenotypically male chick that was killed 4 days after hatch were female-derived. The low proportions of female-derived cells were surprising, considering that most of these chimeras had been produced by the injection of cells pooled from several donor embryos and most recipients had been exposed to γ irradiation prior to injection, thus dramatically enhancing the level of incorporation of donor cells into the resulting chimeras. By contrast, 0–100% of the erythrocytes were female-derived in blood samples taken at 10 days of incubation from the chorioallantois of seven phenotypically normal male embryos that resulted from the injection of blastodermal cells pooled from five embryos into irradiated recipient embryos. Approximately 70% of the erythrocytes in a blood sample from a phenotypically normal female chimeric embryo were female-derived, and 100% of the erythrocytes examined from an intersex embryo bearing a right testis and a left ovary were female-derived. These results indicate that female-derived cells can contribute to the formation of erythropoietic tissue during the early development of what will become a phenotypically male chimeric embryo. It would appear, therefore, that female-derived cells are blocked in development or destroyed, or certain male–female combinations of cells may be lethal prior to hatching. In future, chimeras will be produced from individual donors, or pools will be made of either male or female donor cells identified by in situ hybridization of smears of dispersed blastodermal cells using the W-chromosome-specific probe.Key words: chimera, chicken, W chromosome, in situ hybridization, transgenic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document