Developmental potential of parthenogenetic cells: role of genotype-specific modifiers

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fundele ◽  
S.K. Howlett ◽  
R. Kothary ◽  
M.L. Norris ◽  
W.E. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Imprinted Gene ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Strain Background

The developmental potential of parthenogenetic cells derived from different mouse strains was investigated by examining their distribution in various tissues of adult aggregation chimeras. Using GPI-1 allozymes as marker, no striking differences were observed between chimeras whose parthenogenetic cells were derived from activated oocytes isolated from females of different genetic backgrounds, (C57BL/6 × CBA/J) F1, CFLP, 129, and SWR. In all the combinations tested, parthenogenetic cells were consistently absent from skeletal muscle, but there were varying contributions to most other tissues. These results suggest that the maternal duplication of chromosomes containing imprinted gene(s) responsible for the systematic elimination of parthenogenetic cells from skeletal muscle, are not subject to a pronounced influence of genotype-specific modifiers. However, the contribution of parthenogenetic cells to the brain does appear to be influenced by strain background, since a marked improvement in the survival of CFLP, 129 and perhaps SWR parthenogenetic cells in chimeric brains was observed compared with F2 cells.

scholarly journals Multidirectional Changes in Parameters Related to Sulfur Metabolism in Frog Tissues Exposed to Heavy Metal-Related Stress

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Marta Kaczor-Kamińska ◽  
Piotr Sura ◽  
Maria Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Sulfane Sulfur ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
The Brain

The investigations showed changes of the cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) and rhodanese (TST) activity and gene expression in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscles and testes in frogs Pelophylax ridibundus, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis in response to Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ stress. The results were analyzed jointly with changes in the expression of selected antioxidant enzymes (cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and thioredoxin reducatase) and with the level of malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation). The obtained results allowed for confirming the role of sulfurtransferases in the antioxidant protection of tissues exposed to heavy metal ions. Our results revealed different transcriptional responses of the investigated tissues to each of the examined heavy metals. The CTH, MPST and TST genes might be regarded as heavy metal stress-responsive. The CTH gene expression up-regulation was confirmed in the liver (Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+) and skeletal muscle (Hg2+), MPST in the brain (Pb2+, Hg2+), kidney (Pb2+, Cd2+), skeletal muscle (Pb2+, Hg2+,Cd2+) and TST in the brain (Pb2+) and kidney (Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+). Lead, mercury and cadmium toxicity was demonstrated to affect the glutathione (GSH) and cysteine levels, the concentration ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione ([GSH]/[GSSG]) and the level of sulfane sulfur-containing compounds, which in case of enhanced reactive oxygen species generation can reveal their antioxidative properties. The present report is the first to widely describe the role of the sulfane sulfur/H2S generating enzymes and the cysteine/glutathione system in Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ stress in various frog tissues, and to explore the mechanisms mediating heavy metal-related stress.

scholarly journals The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6479
Author(s):  
Johannes Burtscher ◽  
Grégoire P. Millet ◽  
Nicolas Place ◽  
Bengt Kayser ◽  
Nadège Zanou
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Motor Disorder ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Brain

Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson’s disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle–brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle–brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.

scholarly journals Characterization of two myostatin genes in pufferfish Takifugu bimaculatus: sequence, genomic structure, and expression

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9655
Author(s):  
Yinzhen Sheng ◽  
Yulong Sun ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Haifu Wan ◽  
Chengjie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Brain

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of muscle growth, which restrains the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. To understand the role of two mstn genes of Takifugu bimaculatus, the full-length cDNAs of 1131 bp Tbmstn1 and 1,080 bp Tbmstn2 were obtained from the T. bimaculatus’ genomic database, which encodes 376 and 359 amino acids, respectively. The results of qRT-PCR showed that Tbmstn1 was expressed in the eye, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, gill, and brain, and the expression level in the skeletal muscle was extremely significantly higher than in other examined tissues. Tbmstn2 was expressed in the skin, skeletal muscle, gill, and brain, and had the highest expression in the skeletal muscle, followed by expression in the brain. Meanwhile, in different stages of embryonic development, the expression of Tbmstn1 started from the gastrula stage. Its expression in the eye-pigment formation stage and hatching stage was significantly higher than that in other stages. The Tbmstn2 was expressed in all examined embryonic stages with different levels, and the highest expression was detected in the eye-pigment formation stage. These results suggested that Tbmstn1 and Tbmstn2 may involve in the development of skeletal muscle, and Tbmstn2 may be related to the formation of nervous system.

scholarly journals Systematic elimination of parthenogenetic cells in mouse chimeras

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fundele ◽  
M.L. Norris ◽  
S.C. Barton ◽  
W. Reik ◽  
M.A. Surani
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Mouse Chimeras ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Systematic Selection ◽  
The Brain

The developmental potential of primitive ectoderm cells lacking paternal chromosomes was investigated by examining the distribution of parthenogenetic cells in chimeras. Using GPI-1 allozymes as marker, parthenogenetic cells were detected in most organs and tissues in adult chimeras. However, these cells were under severe selective pressure compared with cells from normal fertilized embryos. In the majority of chimeras, parthenogenetic cells in individual animals were observed in a limited number of tissues and organs and, even in these instances, their contribution was substantially reduced. Nevertheless, parthenogenetic cells were detected more consistently in some organs, especially the brain, heart, kidney and spleen. In contrast, there was apparently a systematic selection against parthenogenetic cells in some tissues, most notably in skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. These results suggest that paternally derived genes are probably required not only for the development of extraembryonic structures but also for subsequent development of embryonic tissues derived from the primitive ectoderm lineage.

scholarly journals Lessons from Tau-Deficient Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazi D. Ke ◽  
Alexandra K. Suchowerska ◽  
Julia van der Hoven ◽  
Dineeka M. De Silva ◽  
Christopher W. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are characterized by the deposition of hyperphosphorylated forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau in neurons and/or glia. This unifying pathology led to the umbrella term “tauopathies” for these conditions, also emphasizing the central role of tau in AD and FTD. Generation of transgenic mouse models expressing human tau in the brain has contributed to the understanding of the pathomechanistic role of tau in disease. To reveal the physiological functions of tauin vivo, several knockout mouse strains with deletion of the tau-encodingMAPTgene have been established over the past decade, using different gene targeting constructs. Surprisingly, when initially introduced tau knockout mice presented with no overt phenotype or malformations. The number of publications using tau knockout mice has recently markedly increased, and both behavioural changes and motor deficits have been identified in aged mice of certain strains. Moreover, tau knockout mice have been instrumental in identifying novel functions of tau, both in cultured neurons andin vivo. Importantly, tau knockout mice have significantly contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiological interplay between Aβand tau in AD. Here, we review the literature that involves tau knockout mice to summarize what we have learned so far from depleting tauin vivo.

scholarly journals The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in the Ischemic Heart, Brain, and Skeletal Muscle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Giarretta ◽  
Eleonora Gaetani ◽  
Paolo Tondi ◽  
Takayuki Asahara ◽  
Roberto Pola
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Ischemic Tissue ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
The Brain

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are prototypical morphogens known to regulate epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. In addition to its pivotal role in embryogenesis, the Hh signaling pathway may be recapitulated in post-natal life in a number of physiological and pathological conditions, including ischemia. This review highlights the involvement of Hh signaling in ischemic tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, with particular attention to the heart, the brain, and the skeletal muscle. Updated information on the potential role of the Hh pathway as a therapeutic target in ischemic condition is also presented.

scholarly journals IFN-γ mediated signaling improves fungal clearance in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ribeiro dos Santos ◽  
Thais Fernanda Fraga-Silva ◽  
Débora de Fátima Almeida Donanzam ◽  
Rodolfo Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Angela C. Finato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract We established three immunocompetent murine models of pulmonary mucormycosis to determine the involvement of the adaptive immune response in host resistance in pulmonary mucormycosis, a rapidly fatal disease caused mainly by Rhizopus spp. Immunocompetent BALB/c, C57BL/6, and Swiss mice were inoculated with R. oryzae via the intratracheal route. The inoculation resulted in an angioinvasive infection that spread to the brain, spleen, kidney, and liver. After 7 and 30 days of R. oryzae infection, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice showed the lowest fungal load and highest production of IFN-γ and IL-2 by splenocytes, respectively. Swiss mice showed a higher fungal load 30 days p.i. and was associated with a weak development of the Th-1 profile. To confirm our findings, R. oryzae-infected IFN-γ-/- mice were evaluated after 60 days, where the mice still showed viable fungi in the lungs. This study showed, for the first time, that pulmonary mucormycosis in three widely used mouse strains resulted in an acute fungal dissemination without immunosuppression whose outcome varies according to the genetic background of the mice . We also identified the partial role of IFN-γ in the efficient elimination of R. oryzae during pulmonary infection.

Acylphosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase of hibernating hamsters

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 950-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Mokrasch
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Hippocampal Region ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Parts

Acylphosphatase (AcOPase) and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) in brain stem, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampal region and thalamic-hypothalamic region of the brain and in liver, heart and skeletal muscle of hibernating hamsters were compared with those in the corresponding parts of nonhibernating hamsters. The AcOPase of the brain zones of hibernators is more active than that of nonhibernators when measured at 0°C. Some brain parts show a greater difference than others. The brain parts of both groups are about twice as active in AcOPase as are the body parts and differences between the groups are less apparent when measurements are made at 38°. Differences between the two groups in ATPase are increased when the assays are made at 0° and in the presence of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, the hibernators having the more activity. It is concluded that ATPase is insufficient to maintain homeothermy near 0° and that AcOPase may provide the thermogenesis for both the low temperature homeothermy and for the early part of arousal. The alterations in the enzymes of hibernators appear to be adaptive changes consistent with the postulated role of acylphosphatase.

Lineage restriction of the myogenic conversion factor myf-5 in the brain

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 4077-4083 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tajbakhsh ◽  
M.E. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Posterior Hypothalamus ◽  
Myogenic Lineage ◽  
Myogenic Factor ◽  
The Brain

myf-5 is one of four transcription factors belonging to the MyoD family that play key roles in skeletal muscle determination and differentiation. We have shown earlier by gene targeting nlacZ into the murine myf-5 locus that myf-5 expression in the developing mouse embryo is closely associated with the restriction of precursor muscle cells to the myogenic lineage. We now identify unexpected expression of this myogenic factor in subdomains of the brain. myf-5 expression begins to be detected at embryonic day 8 (E8) in the mesencephalon and coincides with the appearance of the first differentiated neurons; expression in the secondary prosencephalon initiates at E10 and is confined to the ventral domain of prosomere p4, later becoming restricted to the posterior hypothalamus. This expression is observed throughout embryogenesis. No other member of the MyoD family is detected in these regions, consistent with the lack of myogenic conversion. Furthermore, embryonic stem cells expressing the myf-5/nlacZ allele yield both skeletal muscle and neuronal cells when differentiated in vitro. These observations raise questions about the role of myf-5 in neurogenesis as well as myogenesis, and introduce a new lineage marker for the developing brain.

Endotoxin Alteration of the Mucopolysaccharide Blood Vessel Coating in Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
D. E. Philpott ◽  
A. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Brain

Two month, eight month and two year old rats were treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg of E. Coli endotoxin I. P. The eight month old rats proved most resistant to the endotoxin. During fixation the aorta, carotid artery, basil arartery of the brain, coronary vessels of the heart, inner surfaces of the heart chambers, heart and skeletal muscle, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, retina, trachae, intestine, salivary gland, adrenal gland and gingiva were treated with ruthenium red or alcian blue to preserve the mucopolysaccharide (MPS) coating. Five, 8 and 24 hrs of endotoxin treatment produced increasingly marked capillary damage, disappearance of the MPS coating, edema, destruction of endothelial cells and damage to the basement membrane in the liver, kidney and lung.

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