scholarly journals On the backroads to cellular asymmetry

Development ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (24) ◽  
pp. 4311-4313
Author(s):  
J. Knoblich
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Asymmetry

miranda localizes staufen and prospero asymmetrically in mitotic neuroblasts and epithelial cells in early Drosophila embryogenesis

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (20) ◽  
pp. 4089-4098 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Matsuzaki ◽  
T. Ohshiro ◽  
H. Ikeshima-Kataoka ◽  
H. Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Protein ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Drosophila Embryogenesis ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Cycle Dependent ◽  
Ganglion Mother Cell

When neuroblasts divide, prospero protein and mRNA segregate asymmetrically into the daughter neuroblast and sibling ganglion mother cell. miranda is known to localize prospero protein to the basal cell cortex of neuroblasts while the staufen RNA-binding protein mediates prospero mRNA localization. Here we show that miranda is required for asymmetric staufen localization in neuroblasts. Analyses using miranda mutants reveal that prospero and staufen interact with miranda under the same cell-cycle-dependent control. miranda thus acts to partition both prospero protein and mRNA. Furthermore, miranda localizes prospero and staufen to the basolateral cortex in dividing epithelial cells, which express the three proteins prior to neurogenesis. Our observations suggest that the epithelial cell and neuroblast (both of epithelial origin) share the same molecular machinery for creating cellular asymmetry.

scholarly journals Coupling Planar Cell Polarity Signaling to Morphogenesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 434-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Axelrod ◽  
Helen McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Convergent Extension ◽  
Cytoskeletal Reorganization ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cell ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry ◽  
Pcp Signaling ◽  
Unknown Signal

Epithelial cells and other groups of cells acquire a polarity orthogonal to their apical–basal axes, referred to as Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). The process by which these cells become polarized requires a signaling pathway using Frizzled as a receptor. Responding cells sense cues from their environment that provide directional information, and they translate this information into cellular asymmetry. Most of what is known about PCP derives from studies in the fruit fly,Drosophila. We review what is known about how cells translate an unknown signal into asymmetric cytoskeletal reorganization. We then discuss how the vertebrate processes of convergent extension and cochlear hair-cell development may relate toDrosophilaPCP signaling.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Chromosomal DNA during Establishment of Cellular Asymmetry in Bacillus subtilis

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Pogliano ◽  
Marc D. Sharp ◽  
Kit Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Chromosome Partitioning ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry ◽  
The Future ◽  
Asymmetric Partitioning ◽  
Polar Division

ABSTRACT The switch from symmetric to asymmetric cell division is a key feature of development in many organisms, including Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Here we demonstrate that, prior to the onset of asymmetric cell division, the B. subtilis chromosome is partitioned into two unequally sized domains, with the origin-proximal one-third of the future forespore chromosome condensed near one pole of the cell. Asymmetric chromosome partitioning is independent of polar division, as it occurs in cells depleted of FtsZ but depends on two transcription factors that govern the initiation of sporulation, σH and Spo0A-P. It is also independent of chromosome partitioning proteins Spo0J and Soj, suggesting the existence of a novel mechanism controlling chromosome structure. Thus, our results demonstrate that, during sporulation, two separable events prepare B. subtilis for asymmetric cell division: the relocation of cell division sites to the cell poles and the asymmetric partitioning of the future forespore chromosome.

scholarly journals Septins: molecular partitioning and the generation of cellular asymmetry

Cell Division ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A McMurray ◽  
Jeremy Thorner
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Asymmetry

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Sub-Cellular Asymmetry of Fat-Dachsous Heterodimer for Generation of Planar Cell Polarity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e97641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar Jolly ◽  
Mohd Suhail Rizvi ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Pradip Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry

scholarly journals Cosegregation of asymmetric features during cell division

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 210116
Author(s):  
Silje Anda ◽  
Erik Boye ◽  
Kay Oliver Schink ◽  
Beata Grallert
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Spindle Pole Body ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
Unicellular Eukaryote ◽  
Unicellular Eukaryotes ◽  
Pole Body ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Chromosome I

Cellular asymmetry plays a major role in the ageing and evolution of multicellular organisms. However, it remains unknown how the cell distinguishes ‘old’ from ‘new’ and whether asymmetry is an attribute of highly specialized cells or a feature inherent in all cells. Here, we investigate the segregation of three asymmetric features: old and new DNA, the spindle pole body (SPB, the centrosome analogue) and the old and new cell ends, using a simple unicellular eukaryote, Schizosaccharomyces pombe . To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring three asymmetric features in the same cells. We show that of the three chromosomes of S. pombe , chromosome I containing the new parental strand, preferentially segregated to the cells inheriting the old cell end. Furthermore, the new SPB also preferentially segregated to the cells inheriting the old end. Our results suggest that the ability to distinguish ‘old’ from ‘new’ and to segregate DNA asymmetrically are inherent features even in simple unicellular eukaryotes.

Cellular asymmetry in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

1989 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Holmes ◽  
S.K. Dutcher
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Basal Body ◽  
Flagellar Apparatus ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unicellular Alga ◽  
Phototactic Behavior ◽  
Cellular Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetric Fusion ◽  
Two Sides

Although largely bilaterally symmetric, the two sides of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can be distinguished by the location of the single eyespot. When viewed from the anterior end, the eyespot is always closer to one flagellum than the other, and located at an angle of approximately 45 degrees clockwise of the flagellar plane. This location correlates with the position of one of four acetylated microtubule bundles connected to the flagellar apparatus. Each basal body is attached to two of these microtubule rootlets. The rootlet that positions the eyespot is always attached to the same basal body, which is the daughter of the parental/daughter basal body pair. At mitosis, the replicated basal body pairs segregate in a precise orientation that maintains the asymmetry of the cell and results in mitotic poles that have an invariant handedness. The fusion of gametic cells during mating is also asymmetric. As a result of asymmetric, but different, locations of the plus and minus mating structures, mating preferentially results in quadriflagellate dikaryons with parallel flagellar pairs and both eyespots on the same side of the cell. This asymmetric fusion, as well as all the other asymmetries described, may be necessary for the proper phototactic behavior of these cells. The invariant handedness of the spindle pole, eyespot position, and mating structure position appears to be based on the inherent asymmetry of the basal body pair, providing an example of how an intracellular pattern can be determined and maintained.

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