scholarly journals Genetic basis of hindlimb loss in a naturally occurring vertebrate model

Biology Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Don ◽  
Tanya A. de Jong-Curtain ◽  
Karen Doggett ◽  
Thomas E. Hall ◽  
Benjamin Heng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Vertebrate Model

scholarly journals QTL analysis of self-selected macronutrient diet intake: fat, carbohydrate, and total kilocalories

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda K. Smith Richards ◽  
Brenda N. Belton ◽  
Angela C. Poole ◽  
James J. Mancuso ◽  
Gary A. Churchill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Protein Quantitative Trait Locus

The present study investigated the inheritance of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and kilocalorie intake traits in an F2 population derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (fat-preferring) and CAST/EiJ (carbohydrate-preferring) mice. Mice were phenotyped for self-selected food intake in a paradigm which provided for 10 days a choice between two macronutrient diets containing 78/22% of energy as a composite of either fat/protein or carbohydrate/protein. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified six significant loci for macronutrient intake: three for fat intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 8 ( Mnif1), 18 ( Mnif2), and X ( Mnif3), and three for carbohydrate intake on Chrs 17 ( Mnic1), 6 ( Mnic2), and X ( Mnic3). An absence of interactions among these QTL suggests the existence of separate mechanisms controlling the intake of fat and carbohydrate. Two significant QTL for cumulative kilocalorie intake, adjusted for baseline body weight, were found on Chrs 17 ( Kcal1) and 18 ( Kcal2). Without body weight adjustment, another significant kcal locus appeared on distal Chr 2 ( Kcal3). These macronutrient and kilocalorie QTL, with the exception of loci on Chrs 8 and X, encompassed chromosomal regions influencing body weight gain and adiposity in this F2 population. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of naturally occurring variation in nutrient intake phenotypes.

scholarly journals Fumonisin Production in the Maize PathogenFusarium verticillioides:  Genetic Basis of Naturally Occurring Chemical Variation

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 2424-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Proctor ◽  
Ronald D. Plattner ◽  
Anne E. Desjardins ◽  
Mark Busman ◽  
Robert A. E. Butchko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Chemical Variation ◽  
Naturally Occurring

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Adaptability and Pleiotropy in Budding Yeast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Jerison ◽  
Sergey Kryazhimskiy ◽  
James Mitchell ◽  
Joshua S. Bloom ◽  
Leonid Kruglyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Offspring Genotype ◽  
Specific Environmental Condition

AbstractEvolution can favor organisms that are more adaptable, provided that genetic variation in adaptability exists. Here, we quantify this variation among 230 offspring of a cross between diverged yeast strains. We measure the adaptability of each offspring genotype, defined as its average rate of adaptation in a specific environmental condition, and analyze the heritability, predictability, and genetic basis of this trait. We find that initial genotype strongly affects adaptability and can alter the genetic basis of future evolution. Initial genotype also affects the pleiotropic consequences of adaptation for fitness in a different environment. This genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy is largely determined by initial fitness, according to a rule of declining adaptability with increasing initial fitness, but several individual QTLs also have a significant idiosyncratic role. Our results demonstrate that both adaptability and pleiotropy are complex traits, with extensive heritable differences arising from naturally occurring variation.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy in budding yeast

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R Jerison ◽  
Sergey Kryazhimskiy ◽  
James Kameron Mitchell ◽  
Joshua S Bloom ◽  
Leonid Kruglyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Offspring Genotype ◽  
Specific Environmental Condition

Evolution can favor organisms that are more adaptable, provided that genetic variation in adaptability exists. Here, we quantify this variation among 230 offspring of a cross between diverged yeast strains. We measure the adaptability of each offspring genotype, defined as its average rate of adaptation in a specific environmental condition, and analyze the heritability, predictability, and genetic basis of this trait. We find that initial genotype strongly affects adaptability and can alter the genetic basis of future evolution. Initial genotype also affects the pleiotropic consequences of adaptation for fitness in a different environment. This genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy is largely determined by initial fitness, according to a rule of declining adaptability with increasing initial fitness, but several individual QTLs also have a significant idiosyncratic role. Our results demonstrate that both adaptability and pleiotropy are complex traits, with extensive heritable differences arising from naturally occurring variation.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Biochemical and Genetic Basis of Glucokinase Activation From Naturally Occurring Hypoglycemia Mutations

Diabetes ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 2433-2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Gloyn ◽  
K. Noordam ◽  
M. A.A.P. Willemsen ◽  
S. Ellard ◽  
W. W.K. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Naturally Occurring

PRIMARY HOMOTHALLISM—RELATION TO HETEROTHALLISM IN THE REGULATION OF SEXUAL MORPHOGENESIS IN SISTOTREMA

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
Robert C Ullrich ◽  
John R Raper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Constitutive Function ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
Sistotrema Brinkmannii

ABSTRACT The wood-rotting basidiomycete, Sistotrema brinkmannii, is an aggregate of biological species possessing several variations—homothallism, bipolar heterothallism and tetrapolar heterothallism—on the genetic regulation of a critical phase of development. Nutritionally forced intra- and interspecific matings provide genetic information about the relatedness of homothallic isolates, the relation of the various species to one another, the genetic basis of homothallism, and its relationship to heterothallism. Most homothallic isolates are interfertile when nutritionally forced. Successful hybridization between species is restricted to particular combinations of homothallic × bipolar isolates. Significant findings of these studies include: (1) documentation of hybridization of biological species in the Homobasidiomycetes, (2) documentation of the relatedness of two naturally occurring, variant systems, homothallism and bipolar heterothallism, that regulate sexual morphogenesis in the higher fungi, (3) evidence for definite, but limited, evolutionary divergence of the polygenic, regulated components of the respective systems, and (4) indication that the genetic basis of homothallism in this system is essentially due to constitutive function and consequently is fundamentally different from presently understood mechanisms in other self-fertile systems.

Clinical and Veterinary Isolates ofSalmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Defective in Lipopolysaccharide O-Chain Polymerization

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guard-Petter ◽  
C. T. Parker ◽  
K. Asokan ◽  
R. W. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Chain Polymerization ◽  
Isogenic Strains

ABSTRACT Twelve human and chicken isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis belonging to phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 23 were characterized for variability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. Isolates were differentiated into two groups, i.e., those that lacked immunoreactive O-chain, termed rough isolates, and those that had immunoreactive O-chain, termed smooth isolates. Isolates within these groups could be further differentiated by LPS compositional differences as detected by gel electrophoresis and gas liquid chromatography of samples extracted with water, which yielded significantly more LPS in comparison to phenol-chloroform extraction. The rough isolates were of two types, the O-antigen synthesis mutants and the O-antigen polymerization (wzy) mutants. Smooth isolates were also of two types, one producing low-molecular-weight (LMW) LPS and the other producing high-molecular-weight (HMW) LPS. To determine the genetic basis for the O-chain variability of the smooth isolates, we analyzed the effects of a null mutation in the O-chain length determinant gene, wzz (cld) of serovar Typhimurium. This mutation results in a loss of HMW LPS; however, the LMW LPS of this mutant was longer and more glucosylated than that from clinical isolates of serovar Enteritidis. Cluster analysis of these data and of those from two previously characterized isogenic strains of serovar Enteritidis that had different virulence attributes indicated that glucosylation of HMW LPS (via oafR function) is variable and results in two types of HMW structures, one that is highly glucosylated and one that is minimally glucosylated. These results strongly indicate that naturally occurring variability inwzy, wzz, and oafR function can be used to subtype isolates of serovar Enteritidis during epidemiological investigations.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic function of the oca2 gene underlies the evolution of sleep loss and albinism in cavefish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan O’Gorman ◽  
Sunishka Thakur ◽  
Gillian Imrie ◽  
Rachel L. Moran ◽  
Erik Duboue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Oculocutaneous Albinism ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Astyanax Mexicanus ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hybrid Fish ◽  
Oca2 Gene ◽  
Pleiotropic Function

SummaryAdaptation to novel environments often involves the evolution of multiple morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. One striking example of multi-trait evolution is the suite of traits that has evolved repeatedly in cave animals, including regression of eyes, loss of pigmentation, and enhancement of non-visual sensory systems [1,3]. The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, consists of fish that inhabit at least 30 caves in Northeast Mexico and ancestral-like surface fish which inhabit the rivers of Mexico and Southern Texas [6]. Cave A. mexicanus are interfertile with surface fish and have evolved a number of traits that are common to cave animals throughout the world, including albinism, eye loss, and alterations to behavior [8–10]. To define relationships between different cave-evolved traits, we phenotyped 208 surface-cave F2 hybrid fish for numerous morphological and behavioral traits. We found significant differences in sleep between pigmented and albino hybrid fish, raising the possibility that these traits share a genetic basis. In cavefish and many other species, mutations in oculocutaneous albinism 2 (oca2) cause albinism [11–15]. Surface fish with CRISPR-induced mutations in oca2 displayed both albinism and reduced sleep. Further, this mutation in oca2 fails to complement sleep loss when surface fish harboring this engineered mutation are crossed to different, independently evolved populations of albino cavefish with naturally occurring mutations in oca2, confirming that oca2 contributes to sleep loss. Finally, analysis of the oca2 locus in wild caught cave and surface fish suggests that oca2 is under positive selection in at least three cave populations. Taken together, these findings identify oca2 as a novel regulator of sleep and suggest that a pleiotropic function of oca2 underlies the adaptive evolution of both of albinism and sleep loss.

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