scholarly journals Midkine, a Heparin-Binding Growth Factor, Selectively Stimulates Proliferation of Definitive Zone Cells of the Human Fetal Adrenal Gland

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 4050-4056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Ishimoto ◽  
Marcus O. Muench ◽  
Takayuki Higuchi ◽  
Kazuhiro Minegishi ◽  
Mamoru Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions

Abstract Context: In the human fetal adrenal gland (HFA), the inner fetal zone (FZ) secretes dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. The function of the outer definitive zone (DZ) is less clear; however, the DZ phenotype is that of a reservoir of progenitor cells, many of which are mitotically active. Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor with various bioactivities. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate expression, proliferative effects, and ACTH regulation of MK in the HFA. Design and Setting: RNA, cryosections, and primary cell cultures from HFAs (14–24 wk) and adult adrenal RNA were used. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were MK mRNA levels (measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR); MK localization (measured by immunostaining); MK proliferative effects and mechanism (measured by proliferation assays, flow cytometry, pharmacological interventions); and ACTH regulation (measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR). Results: HFA MK mRNA levels were 4-fold higher than in adult adrenals (P < 0.05) and were comparable to levels in fetal and adult brains (positive controls). MK immunoreactivity was abundant throughout the HFA. Exogenous MK caused proliferation of isolated DZ cells but not FZ cells (72 h, P < 0.05). In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor induced proliferation of cells from both zones. Pharmacological interventions indicated that MK-induced DZ cell proliferation may be mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, MAPK kinase, and Src family kinases. ACTH (1 nm) increased MK mRNA by 3.5-fold (48 h, P < 0.01) in isolated FZ cells. Conclusions: MK likely plays a key role in HFA development. MK’s selective in vitro mitotic effects on DZ cells may provide insights into the mechanism underlying the distinct in vivo differences in mitotic activity between the DZ and FZ.

scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression in aldosterone-producing adenomas

2002 ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Fallo ◽  
V Pezzi ◽  
L Barzon ◽  
P Mulatero ◽  
F Veglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Aldosterone Production

BACKGROUND: The presence and pathophysiological role of CYP11B1 (11beta-hydroxylase) gene in the zona glomerulosa of human adrenal cortex is still controversial. METHODS: In order to specifically quantify CYP11B1, CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and CYP17(17alpha-hydroxylase) mRNA levels, we developed a real-time RT-PCR assay and examined the expression in a series of adrenal tIssues, including six normal adrenals from patients adrenalectomized for renal cancer and twelve aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) from patients with primary aldosteronism. RESULTS: CYP11B1 mRNA levels were clearly detected in normal adrenals, which comprised both zona glomerulosa and fasciculata/reticularis cells, but were also measured at a lower range (P<0.05) in APA. The levels of CYP11B2 mRNA were lower (P<0.005) in normal adrenals than in APA. CYP17 mRNAlevels were similar in normal adrenals and in APA. In patients with APA, CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 mRNA levels were not correlated either with basal aldosterone or with the change from basal aldosterone in response to posture or to dexamethasone. No correlation between CYP11B1 mRNA or CYP11B2 mRNA and the percentage of zona fasciculata-like cells was observed in APA. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time RT-PCR can be reliably used to quantify CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA levels in adrenal tIssues. Expression of CYP11B1 in hyperfunctioning zona glomerulosa suggests an additional formation of corticosterone via 11beta-hydroxylase, providing further substrate for aldosterone biosynthesis. CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA levels in APA are not related to the in vivo secretory activity of glomerulosa cells, where post-transcriptional factors might ultimately regulate aldosterone production.

scholarly journals Jianpi Yangwei decoction promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of 5-fluorouracil resistant gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijuan Tang ◽  
Wenjie Huang ◽  
Qiang Yang ◽  
Ying Lin ◽  
Yihui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Xenograft Tumor ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Abstract Background The exploration of new therapeutic agents targeting 5-Fu resistance may open a new opportunity to gastric cancer treatment. The objective is to establish a 5-Fu resistant gastric cancer cell line and observe the effect of Jianpi Yangwei decoction (JPYW) on its apoptosis and drug-resistance related proteins. Methods MTT assay was used to measure the effect of JPYW on the BGC823 cells proliferation, and the apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry and Hoechst fluorescence staining. The BGC823 xenograft tumor nude mice models were established, the apoptosis was detected by Tunel method. BGC-823/5-Fu was established by repeated low-dose 5-Fu shocks, the drug resistance index and proliferation were detected by the MTT assay; MDR1 mRNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR; Western blot was used to detect the ratio of p-AKT to AKT; The BGC823/5-Fu xenograft tumor nude mice models were established and apoptosis was measured. The expressions of MRP1, MDR1, ABCG2, AKT, p-AKT, caspase-3 and bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the AKT mRNA expression was detected by real-time RT-PCR. Results JPYW induced apoptosis in BGC823 cells; Drug-resistant cell line BGC-823/5-Fu was sucessfully established; JPYW induced apoptosis of BGC823/5-Fu cells, down-regulated the expression of MRP1, MDR1 and ABCG2 in vitro and in vivo, and further decreased MDR1 expression when combined with pathway inhibitor LY294002 (P < 0.05); JPYW down-regulated the ratio of p-AKT to AKT in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, the same as after the combination with LY294002 (P < 0.05). Conclusion JPYW can induce apoptosis of BGC823 and BGC823/5-Fu cells, and down-regulate the expression of MDR1, MRP1, ABCG2 in vitro and in vivo. Its in vitro effect is related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Intracellular Levels of Oblimersen Sodium and Target Downregulation Correlates to Clinical Activity of bcl-2 Antisense in Acute Myeoid Leukemia (AML).

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1170-1170
Author(s):  
Guido Marcucci ◽  
W. Stock ◽  
G. Dai ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
R. Klisovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test

Abstract Oblimersen sodium (Ob, Genasense™) is an 18 mer phosphorothioate antisense directed against bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein that mediates chemoresistance in malignant cells. In order to assess whether detectable intracellular concentrations (ICs) of Ob are achievable in vivo, we have developed a sensitive and specific ELISA-based assay. This assay involves Ob hybridization to a 5′-end overhang of a 3′-biotinylated capture probe ligated to a digoxigenin (Dig)-labeled probe, and detection by an anti-Dig-alkaline phosphatase system. In K562 cell extract, the assay was linear within 50–2000 pM range with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 50 pM (equivalent to 5.0 fmol/100 μL). The withtin-run coefficients of variation (CVs) in 4 spiked concentrations were between 3–7% in 6 replicates with accuracy values between 93–109%. The between-run CVs were between 6–12% and accuracy values between 97–102%. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by low cross reactivity with mismatched oligonucleotides and putative 3′-end metabolites shortened by 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides. Validation of IC measurement was performed in vitro in K562 cells treated with fluorescent labeled Ob conjugated to oligofectamine. At Ob concentrations between 0.1 – 10 μM, Bcl-2 mRNA downregulation measured by real-time RT-PCR occurred efficiently. Nonlinear regression analysis of a dose-response curve showed that 50% Bcl-2 downregulation (IC50) occurred at approximately 0.29 μM, corresponding to an Ob IC concentration of 37 pmole/mg protein. Cellular uptake was confirmed by microscopy and flow cytometry. To validate these results in vivo, we measured Ob IC in bone marrow samples from untreated AML pts aged &gt; 60 yrs enrolled on the phase I study OSU 0164. These pts were induced with Ob 7 mg/kg/d CIVI on days 1–10, cytarabine 100 mg/m2/d CIVI on days 4–10 and daunorubicin administered iv at two dose levels (45 mg/m2/d IV and 60 mg/m2/d) on days 4–6. Among 21 pts assessable for clinical response and Bcl-2 levels, at pretreatment, Bcl-2 copy numbers (normalized to ABL) were higher among 12 pts who achieved a CR (median 85,325; range 19,120–149,100) than among 9 non-responsive (NR) pts (32,100 bcl-2 /abl copies; range 1,488–163,500) (P=.04; Mann-Whitney test). Following 72 hr Ob infusion, a decrease (−38%) in median Bcl-2/ABL mRNA copies in CR patients and an increase (+115%) in Bcl-2/ABL copies in NR pts (P=.002; Mann-Whitney test) were observed by real time RT-PCR. A trend in higher median IC of Ob was observed in CR pts (17.0 pmole/mg protein; range 1.5–30.0) as compared to NR pts (4.4 pmole/mg protein; range 0.33–28.0) (P=.06; Mann-Whitney test). Six of 7 pts with IC above the median obtained a CR. No differences were observed in the Ob plasma PKs between the CR pts [median steady state concentration (Css) 2.8 μg/mL, area-under-the-curve (AUC) 772 μg*hr/mL and clearance (Cl) 9.6 L/hr) and the NR pts (median Css 3.4 μg/mL, AUC 752 μg*hr/mL, Cl 6.4 L/hr). Although the number of samples analyzed was small, our data suggest that, despite interpatient variability of both Bcl-2 mRNA expression and Ob uptake, this antisense can be successfully delivered to pts and result in clinically relevant target downregulation. A Cancer and Leukemia Group B phase III AML study to characterize prospectively the interplay of IC levels of the Ob and Bcl-2 downregulation is in progress.

Lentiviral Vector-Mediated In Vitro Down-Regulation of Porcine Somatostatin Expression Using shRNA

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 1248-1254
Author(s):  
Jing Hua Ding ◽  
Qian Yun Xi ◽  
Hong Yi Li ◽  
Gang Shu ◽  
Song Bo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Lentiviral Vector ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Nih3t3 Cells ◽  
Somatostatin Expression

Two shRNA sequences against porcine somatostatin (SST) were designed using software available on the NCBI website. The designed RNA sequences were chemically synthesized and cloned into lentiviral vectors (LV-siRNA1 and LV-siRNA2). Porcine somatostatin cDNA was amplified and cloned into pcDNA3.1 (pcDNA3.1-SST). LV-siRNA1 or LV-siRNA2 was cotransfected with pcDNA3.1-SST into NIH3T3 cells. Real-time RT-PCR for the detection of SST mRNA, revealed that LV-siRNA1 and LV-siRNA2 suppressed SST expression by 87.9% and 86.3% (P< 0.01), respectively. In addition, radioimmunoassay (RIA) for direct detection of SST indicated that the suppression ratios for LV-siRNA1 and LV-siRNA2 were 55.1% and 51.6% (P< 0.01), respectively. These data showed that the 2 shRNA sequences were effective in suppressing SST expression and may provide an approach to down-regulate bothin vitroandin vivoexpression of porcine SST.

scholarly journals Epidermal growth factor receptor regulates pancreatic fibrosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (3) ◽  
pp. G434-G441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy A. Blaine ◽  
Kevin C. Ray ◽  
Kevin M. Branch ◽  
Pamela S. Robinson ◽  
Robert H. Whitehead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Pancreatic Fibrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Stellate Cells ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Epidermal Growth

The development of pancreatic fibrosis has been shown to be a major component in several diseases of the pancreas including pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its actual role in the progression of these disorders is still unknown. This fibrosis is characterized by stromal expansion and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that replaces pancreatic tissue. This eventually leads to dysregulation of ECM turnover, production of cytokines, restriction of blood flow, and often exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies. Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been identified as key mediators in the progression of pancreatic fibrosis, serving as the predominant source of excess ECM proteins. Previously, we found that overexpression of the growth factor heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in pancreatic islets led to intraislet fibrosis. HB-EGF binds to and activates two receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB4, as well as heparin moieties and CD9/DRAP27. To understand the mechanism underlying the induction of fibrogenesis by HB-EGF, we utilized a hypomorphic allele of Egfr, the Waved-2 allele, to demonstrate that EGFR signaling regulates fibrogenesis in vivo. Using an in vitro cell migration assay, we show that HB-EGF regulates both chemoattraction and stimulation of proliferation of PSCs via EGFR activation.

scholarly journals Real-Time PCR and Immunocytochemical Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans after Scratch Wounding in Cultured Astrocytes / PCR I IMUNOCITOHEMIJSKA STUDIJA EKSPRESIJE HONDROITIN-SULFATNIH PROTEOGLIKANA NAKON POVREDE ASTROCITA U KULTURI

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-405
Author(s):  
Ana Parabucki ◽  
Anja Santrač ◽  
Danijela Savić ◽  
Sanja Dacić ◽  
Ivana Bjelobaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cultured Astrocytes ◽  
Scratch Wound

Summary Background: Various in vivo and in vitro models have been described in order to elucidate the pathobiology underlying the traumatic brain injury (TBI) and test potentially suitable treatments. Since TBI is a complex disease, models differ in regard to the aspect of TBI that is being investigated. One of the used in vitro models is the scratch wound assay, first established as a reproducible, low-cost assay for the analysis of cell migration in vitro. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the relevancy of this model as a counter- part of in vivo TBI models. Methods: We have examined the astrocytic response to a mechanical injury in terms of expression of chondroitin sul- fate proteoglycans (CSPGs) - phosphacan, neurocan and brevican, using real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. Results: Our results indicate that in vitro scratch wounding alters the expression profile of examined CSPGs. Four hours after the scratch injury of the astrocytic monolayer, real-time PCR analysis revealed upregulation of mRNA levels for phos- phacan (3-fold) and neurocan (2-fold), whereas brevican mRNA was downregulated (2-fold). Immunofluorescent sig- nal for phosphacan and neurocan was more intense in astro- cytes close to the injury site, while brevican was scarcely present in cultured astrocytes. Conclusions: Obtained results indicate that CSPGs are differ- entially expressed by astrocytes after scratch wounding, demonstrating that the scratch wound model might be suit- able for investigation of astrocyte-derived response to injury.

scholarly journals Διερεύνηση του ρόλου των αδρενεργικών και ντοπαμινεργικών συστημάτων στη ρύθμιση των κυτοχρωμάτων CYP3A1/2, CYP2C11 και CYP2D1/2

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ευάγγελος-Παναγιώτης Δασκαλόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Τα ηπατικά κυτοχρώματα CYPs (P450s) είναι μια μεγάλη υπερ-οικογένεια πρωτεϊνών, οι οποίες εντοπίζονται σε όλους τους ζωντανούς οργανισμούς. Η σημασία τους είναι τεράστια, αφού μεταβολίζουν μια τεράστια ποικιλία ενδογενών ουσιών αλλά και ξενοβιοτικών. Οι πιο σημαντικές υποοικογένειες κυτοχρωμάτων CYP είναι η CYP3A, η CYP2C και η CYP2D, εξαιτίας του ρόλου τους στο μεταβολισμό της πλειονότητας των πιο συχνά συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων. Η γνώση όσον αφορά τους παράγοντες, που μπορούν να προκαλέσουν επαγωγή ή αναστολή των κυτοχρωμάτων CYP είναι εξαιρετικής σημασίας, αφού κάθε μεταβολή στην έκφραση και την δραστικότητά τους μπορεί να έχει σοβαρότατες συνέπειες στην αποτελεσματικότητα της φαρμακευτικής αγωγής αλλά και στην φαρμακοτοξικότητα. Η αναστολή των ηπατικών CYPs μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αυξημένα επίπεδα ενός φαρμάκου-υποστρώματος στο πλάσμα και στην ανάπτυξη τοξικών εκδηλώσεων. Αντίθετα, η επαγωγή των CYPs μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μειωμένη αποτελεσματικότητα ή ακόμη και πλήρη αποτυχία της φαρμακοθεραπείας. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση στον επίμυ της επίδρασης του στρες στη ρύθμιση της έκφρασης των πιο σημαντικών για τον μεταβολισμό φαρμάκων κυτοχρωμάτων, των CYP3A, CYP2C και CYP2D. Επίσης, διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος των αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων, των γλυκοκορτικοειδών καθώς και των μονοπατιών μεταγωγής σήματος (cAMP/PKA, JNK, GH/STAT5b) στη ρύθμιση των ανωτέρω κυτοχρωμάτων. Μελετήθηκε επίσης, ο ρόλος των D2-ντοπαμινεργικών υποδοχέων στη ρύθμιση της έκφρασης των CYP γονιδίων καθώς και η συμμετοχή του μονοπατιού μεταγωγής σήματος PI3K/Akt/FoxO1, αλλά και του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα STAT5b. Για την ερευνητική προσέγγιση αυτών των θεμάτων, έγιναν τόσο in vivo πειράματα με ενήλικες αρσενικούς επίμυες, όσο και in vitro πειράματα με καλλιέργειες πρωτογενών ηπατοκυττάρων, που απομονώθηκαν από το ήπαρ επιμύων. Οι μέθοδοι, οι οποίες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν συμπεριλαμβάνουν την Υγρή Χρωματογραφία Υψηλής Απόδοσης (HPLC) για την μέτρηση την ενζυμικής δραστικότητας των υπό μελέτην CYP3A, CYP2C και CYP2D, την ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western για την εκτίμηση των μεταβολών σε επίπεδο αποπρωτεΐνης, καθώς και την μέθοδο real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, q-PCR) για την ποσοτική εκτίμηση των επιπέδων mRNA των ανωτέρω CYP γονιδίων. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης κατέδειξαν ότι το ψυχολογικό στρες είναι ένας παράγοντας τεράστιας σημασίας για τη ρύθμιση της έκφρασης των CYPs. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το στρες της μητρικής αποστέρησης, στο οποίο εκτέθηκαν οι επίμυες σε πολύ μικρή ηλικία προκάλεσε την αύξηση της έκφρασης των CYP3A1/2 και CYP2C11, ενώ το CYP2D δεν επηρεάστηκε σημαντικά. Αντιθέτως, το στρες περιορισμού προκάλεσε σημαντικές μεταβολές στην έκφραση του CYP3A2, του CYP2D και μικρότερες μεταβολές στο CYP2A. Επιπροσθέτως, επιβεβαιώθηκε η επαγωγική δράση των γλυκοκορτικοειδών στο CYP3A και η κατασταλτική τους δράση στο CYP2C. Σημαντικά ευρήματα μετά από in vivo και in vitro πειράματα, τα οποία επικεντρώθηκαν στη μελέτη των αδρενεργικών μονοπατιών φανέρωσαν ότι τα μονοπάτια cAMP/PKA, JNK και του άξονα GH/STAT5b διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στον έλεγχο της ρύθμισης της έκφρασης των CYPs. Η συμμετοχή των πυρηνικών υποδοχέων PXR, RXR και HNF4α φαίνεται να είναι σημαντική στις μεταβολές που παρατηρήθηκαν στην έκφραση αυτών των CYPs. Eπιπλέον, η αναστολή των D2-ντοπαμινεργικών υποδοχέων in vivo, οδήγησε σε μεγάλη καταστολή των CYP3A, CYP2C και CYP2D. Αντιθέτως, αναστολή των ηπατικών D2-υποδοχέων in vitro, οδήγησε σε επαγωγή αυτών των CYPs. Αυτό το εύρημα οδήγησε στην υπόθεση ότι η ινσουλίνη πιθανόν διαδραματίζει στρατηγικής σημασίας ρόλο στον έλεγχο της ρύθμισης της έκφρασης των CYPs, αφού αποδείχθηκε ότι η αναστολή in vivο των D2-υποδοχέων ενεργοποιεί το ινσουλινοεξαρτώμενο μονοπάτι PI3K/Akt, ενώ περαιτέρω έρευνες έδειξαν τον FoxO1 ως τελικό μεταγραφικό παράγοντα ρύθμισης. Παράλληλα, ο άξονας GH/STAT5b φαίνεται να παίζει επίσης πολύ σημαντικό ρυθμιστικό ρόλο και στην περίπτωση των D2-ντοπαμινεργικών μονοπατιών. Συμπερασματικά, η μελέτη αυτή έδειξε ότι το στρες, τα γλυκοκορτικοειδή και αγωνιστές αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων αποτελούν παράγοντες, που πρέπει πάντα να λαμβάνονται υπόψιν πριν τη συνταγογράφηση σε ασθενείς. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη αυτή κατέδειξε για πρώτη φορά την επίδραση των παγκρεατικών D2-ντοπαμινεργικών υποδοχέων και του μονοπατιού PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 στη ρύθμιση της έκφρασης των CYP3A, CYP2C και CYP2D. Διαπιστώθηκε επίσης, η συμμετοχή της GH, της PRL και των θυρεοειδικών ορμονών στις μεταβολές που προκάλεσαν οι φαρμακολογικοί χειρισμοί των D2-ντοπαμινεργικών υποδοχέων.

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