Breeding of Grain Crops in Extreme Climatic Conditions

2016 ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Batalova ◽  
Irina Shchennikova ◽  
Eugene Lisitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Crops

THE DIRECTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING UKRAINE’S EXPORT POTENTIAL OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14(63) (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Kateryna VASYLKOVSKA ◽  
Oleksii VASYLKOVSKYI ◽  
Svitlana POPOVA ◽  
Valentyna Malakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
New Challenges

"The production and yield of grain crops in Ukraine from 2000 to 2019 was analysed in the article. The comparative analysis of gross harvest and export of grain during these years was carried out and the dependence of exports on gross harvest and its share was determined. The results point out that the export of grain crops has increased over the years under research, which indicates Ukraine’s significant export potential. Thus, leaving for the needs of the country from 16.0 to 36.6 million tons of grain (on average, 25.9 million tons), Ukrainian farmers export an average of 40.7% of the crop. During the period from 2000 to 2019, the gross harvest of grains in the country averaged 48.4 million tons resulting in the annual potential share of exports of at least 22.4 million tons. It was also found that the increase in the share of exports was made possible by a qualitative change in yield, which was due to the changes in crop growing technology. However, with global warming and climate change, new challenges for agricultural producers are emerging. The recommendations were given in order to improve the crop growing technology that will allow to overcome these challenges, further increase yields and Ukraine's export potential. "

scholarly journals The effect of plant density on productivity of the grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman’ in the Lugansk region

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
V. V. Kovtunov ◽  
A. V. Baranovsky
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Experimental Scheme ◽  
Sorghum Variety

Frequently occured dry years and a sharp decrease of productivity and gross harvests of grain crops require scientifically grounded selection of grain crops that stabilize its production. Currently, the drought resistant sorghum varieties can become a good alternative for the main spring grain crops. In the Luhansk region, the average annual amount of precipitation is 475 mm, which confirms the advantage in growing grain sorghum over other spring grain crops. However, plant density of the modern recommended grain sorghum varieties related to specific soil and climatic conditions has not yet been studied enough. The purpose of the current research was to study and highlight the optimal plant density of the grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman' in the conditions of the Luhansk region. The study was carried out on the basis of the Luhansk National Agricultural University in 2018-2019. Sorghum was sown at the rate of 350.000 germinated grains per hectare. In a sprouting phase, plant density was manually formed according to the experimental scheme (from 40 to 340 thousand/ha). The study of the new early-ripening grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman', developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, showed that regardless of the moisture supply and the thermal regime during vegetation, it was advisable to grow this variety with a plant density of 140-220 thousand/ha. In the conditions of the Luhansk region with mineral nutrition N60P40, it was possible to form the productivity of the grain sorghum variety ‘Ataman' at the level of 5.06-5.52 t/ha of grain and more. The vegetation period of the variety ‘Ataman', depending on the plant density and weather/climatic conditions of the year, was 90-102 days, which made it possible to harvest it in the 1st-2nd decade of September without additional drying of the grain. The variety did not lodge or shed its grain, and was also resistant to grain aphids.

scholarly journals Review and analysis of perennial cereal crops at different maturity stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022111
Author(s):  
Dmitry Rudoy ◽  
Viktor Pakhomov ◽  
Anastasiya Olshevskaya ◽  
Tatyana Maltseva ◽  
Natia Ugrekhelidze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Perennial Crops ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Perennial Grain ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The article presents an overview of perennial grain crops, gives a comparative characteristic of annual winter wheat and perennial grain crops such as Trititrigia (Trititrigia cziczinii Tsvelev), Thinopyrum intermedium, perennial rye (Secale cereale L) and perennial sorghum (Sorghum x derzhavinii Tzvel.). The study aims to consider the main perennial crops grown in Russia and in the world, to compare their quality indicators, sowing agrotechnical requirements, cultivation conditions, yields, and to justify the choice of perennial crops that meet the needs and climatic conditions of the Rostov region. Presented is the generalized information on the grain quality changes during maturation, ripeness phases of grain crops are considered. Based on the review, the optimal ripeness phases, at which it is advisable to harvest are presented. Literature review showed that in the phase of lactic (мoлoчнaя cпeлocть) and wax maturity (вocкoвaя cпeлocть) wheat grain contains the greatest amount of basic nutrients. It was found that perennial crops have a positive effect on the state of the soil: prevent its erosion and depletion; there is an accumulation of carbon, soil methane CH 4. Comparative characterization of perennial crops with annual crops shows increased protein content - on average 2-3% higher. Also considered are the green mass quality indicators of perennial crops as a source of nutrients in the feed-production technology.

scholarly journals Productivity Of Grain Crops In The Conditions Of The Training And Experimental Field Of Orenburg State Agricultural University

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012051
Author(s):  
O A Rekunova ◽  
G F Yartsev ◽  
R K Baikasenov ◽  
T P Aisuvakova ◽  
B B Kartabayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
The World

Abstract The relevance of the topic of scientific research is associated with the biological characteristics of the studied grain crops in specific natural and climatic conditions. The purpose of this work was to identify the potential capabilities of various grain crops in terms of yield and quality indicators of grain in the central zone of the Orenburg region. Food security of the population in the overwhelming majority of countries is most often associated with the provision of grain. At present, despite the active introduction of modern agricultural equipment and innovative technologies into the world agricultural production, it is not possible to achieve a significant increase in gross grain harvests. The level of its production is still insufficient to fully meet the growing needs of the rapidly growing population. According to the expert assessment of domestic scientists, in the conditions of modern natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment, Russia can play an important role in stabilizing the world grain production, which has sufficiently high natural, intellectual and technical resources for this. Their effective and rational use on the basis of nature-like, ecologically-oriented agricultural technologies can make a significant contribution to increasing food stability. Meeting the needs of cultivated plants in the elements of mineral nutrition was reduced mainly to the mobilization of soil fertility, i.e. depletion of humus reserves. As a result, in most of the grain-sowing regions of Russia, and primarily in the regions of the steppe zone, its negative balance has developed. It is quite obvious that these circumstances are a serious obstacle to sustainable grain production and can lead to even greater degradation of disturbed soils, disruption of the biological balance in agroecosystems and a reduction in biological diversity.

scholarly journals DETERMINING THE RANGE OF COMBINE HARVESTERS AND HEADERS FOR KAZAKHSTAN REGIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
V. L. Astafyiev ◽  
V A Golikov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Machine Operators ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Actual Yield ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Combine Harvesters ◽  
Eastern Kazakhstan

The fleet of combine harvesters in the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-class harvesters, and 3- and 4- class harvesters make up for almost 82% of the fleet. According to the data provided by the Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture, 60% of grain harvesters have a lifespan of more than 10 years. (Research purpose) To determine the range of grain harvesters and headers for Kazakhstan regions in view of ongoing technical re-equipment. (Materials and methods) The range of grain harvesters should be determined according to the yield of harvested crops, the size of crop area on separate farms and in the region, the availability of machine operators as well as climatic conditions of the regions. (Results and discussions). The authors have analyzed the actual yield of grain crops in Kazakhstan regions, determined its possible expected level, and analyzed the number of machine operators required for available crop area, the number of small, medium and large-scale farms and climatic conditions during the harvest period in Kazakhstan regions. The efficiency of harvesters of different classes with headers of various operating width has been estimated taking into account the expected yield. Matching the obtained results to the yield data, organizational-and-economic and climatic conditions, and introducing appropriate limits, the authors have determined the range of grain harvesters for Kazakhstan regions. (Summary) It has been found that the harvesters of class 5, 6 and 4 are more effective under conditions of northern and central Kazakhstan regions provided they are equipped with wide-cut headers for direct harvesting. In southern, western and eastern Kazakhstan regions, where grain crops are cultivated on dry soils with an insufficient moisture content, combine harvesters of class 3 and 4 should be primarily used.

scholarly journals Screening of new sources of 'Hordeum vulgare' genes for adaptive breeding in Aral Sea basin, Kazakhstan, for diversification of agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Laura Tokhetova ◽  
Bibigul Baizhanova ◽  
Raushan Nurymova ◽  
Gulmira Akhmedova ◽  
Renata Akzhunis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Promising Source

The specifics of the soil and climatic conditions of the Aral sea region, Kazakhstan, primarily associated with salinization, various types of droughts, uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season, and late spring frosts, make it necessary to create crop varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. In this regard, the expansion of the area under crops of nontraditional salt-tolerant grain crops in the Kyzylorda region is one of the main directions of increasing the sustainability of agriculture in the region. Studies have shown that among the grain crops cultivated in the region, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a reliable crop that can make the most of the region's bioclimatic resources to form sustainable yields. The purpose of this study is to create a new promising source material of barley based on a comprehensive study of collection material of various ecological and geographical origin by applying various methods of classical breeding. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the collection material of barley, a working collection of 250 varieties with agronomic resistance to environmental stress factors of the Aral Sea region was created. The selected samples are recommended for use in practical breeding in order to increase the adaptive potential of modern barley varieties.

scholarly journals Protection of grain crops with herbicide Secator Plus, MD

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
S. V. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Active Substances

The natural and climatic conditions of Belarusare favorable for development of over 300 species of weeds. Currently, perennial, wintering, winter and spring weeds dominate among grain crops. When grain crops are infested with both annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds, herbicides containing several active substances are efficient. One of such promising herbicides is the new herbicide Secator Plus, MD(2.4 acid, 433 g/l + iodosulfuron, 62.5 g/l + amidosulfuron, 25 g/l + mefenpyr /antidote/, 62.5 g/l). This herbicide used at the rate of 0.3-0.5 l/ha for winter grain crops provided high biological efficiency against the dominant annual and some perennial dicotyledonous weeds (80–100% loss): Chenopodium album L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Galeopsis tetrahit L., Tripleurospermum inodorum Sch.-Bip., Galium aparine L., Sonchus arvensis L., etc. In the studied crops, reliable increases in preserved grain yield were obtained. Economic benefit: the net income in winter wheat crops amounted to 60.0-90.0 dollars/ha, winter triticale 35.5-43.7 dollars/ha, and spring wheat 159.9-212.3 dollars/ha. Based on the research results, the herbicide Secator Plus, MD is registered in the State Register of Plant Protection Products (pesticides) and fertilizers permitted for use on the territory of theRepublic ofBelarus. The research results are of interest in the field of herbology, since they reveal the mechanisms of interaction of various active substances in herbicide, show possibilities of its widespread use in agriculture.

scholarly journals Особливості розмноження шкідників пшениці озимої при ресурсоощадних системах застосування добрив у Лісостепу України

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
В. В. Сахненко ◽  
Д. В. Сахненко
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Short Rotation

Узагальнено особливості формувань чисельності шкідників при застосуванні сумішей добрив і засобів захисту рослин на посівах пшениці озимої. Уточнено біологію, поширення, розвиток, еколого-економічне значення шкідників у технологіях вирощування зернових культур і рекомендовані заходи щодо оптимального застосування профілактичних і спеціальних захисних заходів від шкідників у короткоротаційних польових сівозмінах. Теоретично обґрунтовано та експериментально підтверджено закономірності формувань енотмокомплексів при сучасному застосуванні рідких форм добрив, зокрема карбамідно-аміачної суміші (КАС) і засобів захисту рослин. The article generalizes the features of the formation of pest numbers when using mixtures of fertilizers and plant protection products on winter wheat crops. The specified biology, distribution, development, ecological and economic importance of pests in technologies of growing grain crops and recommended measures for the optimal use of preventive and special protective measures against pests in short-rotation field crop rotations. The regularities of the formation of enotmocomplexes in the modern application of liquid forms of fertilizers, in particular the carbamide-ammonium mixture of CAS and plant protection products, are theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. The use of modern liquid forms of fertilizers KAS, 32 % and plant protection products for the cultivation of winter wheat and other cereals in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine remains at a relatively low level: imperfection of technology, adverse climatic conditions, various stresses do not allow realizing the potential of crop productivity. The rationale for the effectiveness of such mixtures for breeding and the number of pests in modern technologies for growing crops deserves special attention in terms of optimizing the phytosanitary state of grain crops in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. It has been established that the best conditions for the formation of the winter wheat seed crop are created by applying fertilizers at a dose of H90 P40 and integrated plant protection. With high soil moisture and protection of plants from the pest complex, the tank mixtures are crushed, including at low moisture reserves and without plant protection, single and fragmented application of mineral fertilizers provide practically the same yield of winter wheat seeds. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to improve the effectiveness of plant protection products in mixtures of rare forms of fertilizers with the determination of their effect on the dynamics of numbers and reproduction of pests of grain crops in modern crop rotation of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

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