- IRRIGATION SCHEDULING OF WHEAT UNDER MICRO-SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

2015 ◽  
pp. 236-277
Keyword(s):  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling

scholarly journals Managing Salinity in Citrus

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Boman ◽  
Mongi Zekri ◽  
Ed Stover
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Serious Injury

Although citrus (Citrus spp.) is sensitive to salinity, acceptable production can be achieved with moderate salinity levels, depending on the climate, scion cultivar, rootstock, and irrigation-fertilizer management. Irrigation scheduling is a key factor in managing salinity in areas with salinity problems. Increasing irrigation frequency and applying water in excess of the crop water requirement are recommended to leach the salts and minimize the salt concentration in the root zone. Overhead sprinkler irrigation should be avoided when using water containing high levels of salts because salt residues can accumulate on the foliage and cause serious injury. Much of the leaf and trunk damage associated with direct foliar uptake of salts can be reduced by using microirrigation systems. Frequent fertilization using low rates is recommended through fertigation or broadcast application of dry fertilizers. Nutrient sources should have a relatively low salt index and not contain chloride (Cl) or sodium (Na). In areas where Na accumulates in soils, application of calcium (Ca) sources (e.g., gypsum) has been found to reduce the deleterious effect of Na and improve plant growth under saline conditions. Adapting plants to saline environments and increasing salt tolerance through breeding and genetic manipulation is another important method for managing salinity.

Hydraulic Calibration, Automation, Irrigation Scheduling of Sprinkler Irrigation System - Unalm

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID RICARDO ASCENCIOS TEMPLO ◽  
KAREM BELENMEZA CAPCHA ◽  
JEISSON DOMINGO LLUEN MONTANO ◽  
ROSA LISETH LLIQUE GALLARDO
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling

Irrigation practices on north-east Victorian dairy farms: a survey

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Watson ◽  
G. Drysdale
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
North East ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Practices

The north-east region of Victoria is an important water-harvesting catchment for gravity-fed irrigators downstream of Lake Mulwala. Dairy farmers are significant users of irrigation water in north-east Victoria but little was known about their irrigation practices and attitudes. A survey undertaken in 2000 collected data on irrigation practices and attitudes from 92% of the irrigating dairy farmers in the region. It found diversity in many aspects of irrigation amongst the region’s irrigated dairy farms, ranging from the proportion of the farm irrigated to the irrigation system used, and identified areas where improvements to irrigation practices could be made. More than 8 different irrigation systems were used in the region, and flood irrigation was the most commonly used. However, a large proportion (37%) of flood irrigators were contemplating changing to spray irrigation, mostly to long lateral hand move sprinkler irrigation, in an effort to improve water use efficiency. More than 50% of respondents did not meter irrigation water use, and 83% pumped water directly from rivers or creeks, with dams and dragline holes the next most common sources. Irrigation scheduling (when to start irrigating and the frequency of irrigation thereafter) and the amount of water to apply were generally based on knowledge and experience rather than on soil moisture monitoring equipment or use of evaporation rates. Most survey respondents recognised that their irrigation practices could improve and said that they would be interested in information to help them make more informed decisions about irrigation practices.

scholarly journals The value of satellite remote sensing soil moisture data and the DISPATCH algorithm in irrigation fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5889-5900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Fontanet ◽  
Daniel Fernàndez-Garcia ◽  
Francesc Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Soil Moisture Data

Abstract. Soil moisture measurements are needed in a large number of applications such as hydro-climate approaches, watershed water balance management and irrigation scheduling. Nowadays, different kinds of methodologies exist for measuring soil moisture. Direct methods based on gravimetric sampling or time domain reflectometry (TDR) techniques measure soil moisture in a small volume of soil at few particular locations. This typically gives a poor description of the spatial distribution of soil moisture in relatively large agriculture fields. Remote sensing of soil moisture provides widespread coverage and can overcome this problem but suffers from other problems stemming from its low spatial resolution. In this context, the DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale CHange (DISPATCH) algorithm has been proposed in the literature to downscale soil moisture satellite data from 40 to 1 km resolution by combining the low-resolution Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite soil moisture data with the high-resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) datasets obtained from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. In this work, DISPATCH estimations are compared with soil moisture sensors and gravimetric measurements to validate the DISPATCH algorithm in an agricultural field during two different hydrologic scenarios: wet conditions driven by rainfall events and wet conditions driven by local sprinkler irrigation. Results show that the DISPATCH algorithm provides appropriate soil moisture estimates during general rainfall events but not when sprinkler irrigation generates occasional heterogeneity. In order to explain these differences, we have examined the spatial variability scales of NDVI and LST data, which are the input variables involved in the downscaling process. Sample variograms show that the spatial scales associated with the NDVI and LST properties are too large to represent the variations of the average soil moisture at the site, and this could be a reason why the DISPATCH algorithm does not work properly in this field site.

scholarly journals Irrigation Scheduling under High Efficiency (Pressurized) Irrigation Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mumtaz Awan ◽  
Shehzad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ajaz
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Project Staff ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Pressurized Irrigation ◽  
Technical Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Operational Aspects

This is, indeed, highly gratifying to observe that high efficiency irrigation systems have established their worth with the farming community in Punjab and their acceptance is accelerating on day to day basis. The benefits of these HEISs have been experienced pragmatically by the beneficiaries and their interviews reveal that substantial savings in water, fertilizers, pesticides especially the weedicides, energy, and labor have been realized on most of the same. As a result extensive installation of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems under ( ) project in progress which, indeed, is helping in combating with the shortage of irrigation water in the country on one hand and is proving effective in bringing the yield levels of crops of the country at par with the world standards on the other. Their affectivity, however, largelydepends upon accurate scheduling of irrigation through the same and a definite rise in their efficiency may be accrued through proper monitoring of the schedules both with respect to their preparation as well as their implementation. Since HEISs are relatively a new intervention in Pakistan, there exists a dearth of relevant printed material regarding various operational aspects of the systems especially in relation topreparation of fertigation, irrigation and chemigation schedules. Perhaps, the most critical and the most wanted facet of these newly introduced systems is the preparation of proper irrigation schedules for various crops being grown in their command. In addition, the training of project staff and the users of the systems regarding these schedules covering their understanding and implementation in the field appears to be a missing link. A fair analysis of the factors leading to such gaps reflects that lack of technical material on the subject is the primary reasonThe effort made by PSC in the form of this manual is expected to serve the purpose in question. Solved examples of preparation of schedules for a number of crops have been added to give an in depth orientation to the reader. Through requisite review of this manual, it will not only be possible to check and monitor the irrigation schedules supplied on some of the sites by the SSCs for their authenticity and accuracy but it will also enable the project staff especial ly the HEIS teams to prepare and provide the same at the farms/sites without these schedules on instant basis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of irrigation adequacy in sugarcane systems in Eswatini

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17464-17476
Author(s):  
Mduduzi Innocent Shongwe ◽  
◽  
N Tsabedze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
June July

The adoption of objective irrigation scheduling approaches in the sugarcane industry has been very slow leading to over-irrigation, low water use efficiency, and consequently, low returns. With the widespread use of subjective scheduling, there is also a perception that there are no significant benefits derived from objective scheduling. A study was, therefore, conducted in Eswatini to determine the performance of irrigation systems that were using subjective irrigation scheduling. More specifically, the objective of the study was to determine the irrigation adequacy fora sugarcane crop that was under two overhead systems viz. centre pivot and sprinkler irrigation. Adequacy was determined in terms of relative irrigation supply (RIS) for the 2015/16 season. The CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to estimate crop demand in terms of net irrigation requirement, whilst the amount of water applied during the period was the supply. Seasonal RIS results indicated that the area under the centre pivot was slightly over-irrigated (RIS= 1.13), whilst irrigation in the area under the sprinkler system was found to be adequate (RIS= 0.94). MonthlyRIS values, however, revealed that the crop was over-irrigated most of the time. The crop under the centre pivot was over-irrigated for the months of January, June, July, September, November, and December as indicated by the RIS values of 1.17, 1.33, 1.20, 1.77, 3.35, and 15.09, respectively. Over-irrigation under the sprinkler system was observed in June, July, September, October, and November where the RIS was 1.36, 2.19, 2.91, 1.77, and 1.67, respectively. In both irrigation systems, over-irrigation was experienced at the germination and establishment phases of development. In contrast, all of the months with acceptable RIS values were found to be within the grand growth phase. It was, therefore, concluded that the scheduling approach used in the area was biased towards the grand growth phase. Hence, it was recommended that the irrigation schedule be modified to accommodate each of the different phases of sugarcane development.

scholarly journals REDUCING WATER USE DURING CUT FOLIAGE PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183b-1183
Author(s):  
Robert H. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Lake Levels ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Cut Foliage ◽  
Agricultural Areas

As the area devoted to cut foliage production has increased and residential development has encroached upon these agricultural areas, conflicts between growers and homeowners have increased. Withdrawals of water for cold protection produce severe reductions of local artesian levels which render domestic wells inoperative and lowered lake levels have made some boat docks useless. Overhead sprinkler irrigation has been used for irrigation and cold protection of cut foliage crops since the 1960's. Using water application rates of about 0.84 cm·hr-1 growers were able to reliably supply product on a year-round basis. Water management district developed regulations mandate that certain water saving methods be implemented prior to the issuance or renewal of consumptive use permits and limit water application rates for cold protection to 0.56 cm·hr-1 under certain circumstances. Research on irrigation scheduling and various cold protection strategies have and are being conducted to allow further reductions in water use during the production of cut foliage crops.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of granular matrix sensors in different irrigation treatments and installation depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Markovic ◽  
Marko Josipovic ◽  
Jasna Sostaric ◽  
Vladimir Zebec ◽  
Irena Rapcan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Granular Matrix

Continuous monitoring of soil moisture content plays a key role in irrigation scheduling and yield formation. This study was conducted to derive the technique and efficiency of application of granular matrix sensors (GMSs) in a sprinkler irrigation system of maize (Zea mays L.). Two irrigation (a2 = 60%- 100% of field capacity (FC), a3 = 80%-100% of FC) treatments were imposed during two growing seasons (2010, 2012) and compared with rainfed control plots (a1). GMSs are used as an indirect method for monitoring soil water status at two depths (b1 = 15 cm and b2 = 30 cm) in order to make a decision on when to irrigate. The sensors used in this study were calibrated using a mass-based gravimetric method. In both growing seasons, irrigation treatment and installation depths have a significant influence (P<0.01) on soil water content. Sensors have shown a satisfactory response to wetting and drying periods in irrigation scheduling at 30-cm depth. Yet, due to variability of weather conditions, a slow response to wetting and drying was recorded in periods with intensive rainfall events (2010) and drought conditions with frequent irrigation intervals (2012).

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